Table 3.
IR% and 95% CI associated with IQR increases in different PM fractions by cause of death and the presence or absence of Saharan dust.
| PM2.5 (IQR = 12.8 μg/m3) | PM2.5–10 (IQR = 10.8 μg/m3) | PM10 (IQR = 19.8 μg/m3) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cause of death | IR% (95% CI) | p-Value | IR% (95% CI) | p-Value | IR% (95% CI) | p-Value | ||||||
| Natural causes (lag 0–2) (ICD-9 codes 1–799) | 1.24 (–0.65 to 3.17) | 2.96 (1.23 to 4.72) | 3.04 (1.53 to 4.56) | |||||||||
| Dust free | 0.91 (–1.09 to 2.94) | — | 3.33 (1.29 to 5.40) | — | 3.01 (1.29 to 4.75) | — | ||||||
| Dust affected | 3.22 (–1.13 to 7.75) | 0.316 | 2.07 (–1.07 to 5.31) | 0.502 | 3.20 (–0.04 to 6.55) | 0.914 | ||||||
| Cardiac diseases (lag 0–2) (ICD-9 codes 390–429) | 1.38 (–1.68 to 4.55) | 3.72 (0.78 to 6.73) | 4.04 (1.49 to 6.65) | |||||||||
| Dust free | 0.97 (–2.24 to 4.29) | — | 0.86 (–2.47 to 4.31) | — | 2.09 (–0.76 to 5.02) | — | ||||||
| Dust affected | 1.37 (–5.92 to 9.21) | 0.920 | 9.73 (4.25 to 15.49) | 0.005 | 9.55 (3.81 to 15.61) | 0.019 | ||||||
| Cerebrovascular diseases (lag 0) (ICD-9 codes 430–438) | –0.32 (–4.26 to 3.78) | 5.41 (1.74 to 9.22) | 2.64 (–1.26 to 6.68) | |||||||||
| Dust free | –0.07 (–4.29 to 4.33) | — | 4.58 (–0.18 to 9.58) | — | 3.24 (–1.78 to 8.51) | — | ||||||
| Dust affected | –3.22 (–11.72 to 6.10) | 0.514 | 7.03 (1.22 to 13.18) | 0.526 | 1.71 (–5.05 to 8.95) | 0.720 | ||||||
| Diseases of the circulatory system (lag 0–2) (ICD-9 codes 390–459) | 1.23 (–1.42 to 3.95) | 4.06 (1.50 to 6.69) | 2.99 (0.82 to 5.19) | |||||||||
| Dust free | 1.19 (–1.60 to 4.05) | — | 2.21 (–0.74 to 5.25) | — | 1.82 (–0.61 to 4.32) | — | ||||||
| Dust affected | –0.91 (–7.04 to 5.62) | 0.531 | 7.93 (3.20 to 12.88) | 0.039 | 5.91 (1.02 to 11.03) | 0.134 | ||||||
| Diseases of the respiratory system (lag 0–5) (ICD-9 codes 460–519) | 0.25 (–9.90 to 11.54) | 12.65 (1.18 to 25.42) | 4.97 (–2.18 to 12.63) | |||||||||
| Dust free | –2.17 (–12.72 to 9.66) | — | 8.67 (–4.14 to 23.19) | — | 5.00 (–2.80 to 13.43) | — | ||||||
| Dust affected | 8.38 (–12.66 to 34.49) | 0.368 | 19.43 (0.34 to 42.15) | 0.349 | 2.66 (–12.78 to 20.83) | 0.798 | ||||||
| The p-value is for the interaction between PM and the Saharan dust indicator. PM2.5 and PM2.5–10 data are from the Italian NIH monitoring station, and PM10 data are from regional EPA monitoring stations. Results from multivariate Poisson regression models are adjusted for time trend, seasonality, day of the week, summer population decrease, holidays, influenza epidemics, high apparent temperatures (penalized spline, lag 0–1), low air temperatures (penalized spline, lag 1–6), and barometric pressure (penalized spline, lag 0). | ||||||||||||