Table 1. Effects of Exposure to Stressors.
| Reference | Sex | Stressor | Duration | Proliferation | Short survival | Long survival |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physiologically based stressors | ||||||
| Keilhoff et al (2006) | M | Olfactory bulbectomy | N/A | – | ||
| Jha et al (2006) | M | PCPA injection | 5 d | – | – | |
| M | 5,7-DHT infusion | N/A | 0 | 0 | ||
| Cameron and Gould (1994) | M | Cort injection | 2 d | – | ||
| Ekstrand et al (2008) | M | Cort injection | 7 d | – | ||
| Tanapat et al (2001) | M | Predator odor | 3 h | – | – | 0 |
| Hill et al (2006) | M | Predator odor | 1 h | – | ||
| Thomas et al (2006) | M | Predator odor | 20 m | 0 | ||
| Duric and McCarson (2006) | M | Inflammatory pain | 1 | 0 | ||
| 2 w | – | |||||
| Kraus et al (2010) | M | Noise trauma | 2 h | – | – | |
| Guzman-Marin et al (2007) | M | Sleep fragmentation | 1 d | 0 | ||
| 4 or 7 d | – | |||||
| Mueller et al (2008) | M | Sleep fragmentation | 4 d | – | ||
| Socially based stressors | ||||||
| Czeh et al (2002) | M | Social defeat | 18 d | – | – | |
| Kozorovitskiy and Gould (2004) | M | Social stress | 3 d | 0 | – | |
| Thomas et al (2007) | M | Social defeat | 20 m | 0 | – | – |
| Hanson et al (2011b) | M | Resident-intruder | 3 w | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Inescapable environmental stressors | ||||||
| Heine et al (2005) | M | Chronic unpredictable stress | 3 w | – | ||
| Jayatissa et al (2006) | M | Chronic mild stress | 6 w | – | ||
| Lee et al (2006) | M | Chronic mild stress | 3 w | 0 | – | |
| Xu et al (2007) | M | Chronic unpredictable stress | 3 w | – | ||
| An et al (2008) | M | Chronic unpredictable stress | 4 w | – | ||
| Silva et al (2008) | M | Chronic mild stress | 14 d | – | ||
| Pham et al (2003) | M | Restraint | 2 or 6 h | 0 | ||
| 21 d | – | 0 | ||||
| 6 w | 0 | |||||
| Vollmayr et al (2003) | M | Restraint | 45 m | – | ||
| Luo et al (2005) | M | Restraint | 1 w | – | ||
| Rosenbrock et al (2005) | M | Restraint | 3 h | 0 | ||
| 2 w | – | |||||
| Duric and McCarson (2006) | M | Restraint | 45 m | 0 | ||
| Xu et al (2006) | M | Restraint | 2 w | – | ||
| Hanson et al (2011b) | M | Restraint | 2 h | 0 | ||
| Stranahan et al (2006) | M | Forced swim | 10 d | – | ||
| Malberg and Duman (2003) | M | Inescapable footshock | 1 h | – | 0 | |
| Vollmayr et al (2003) | M | Inescapable footshock | 1 h | 0 | – | 0 |
| Westenbroek et al (2004) | M | Inescapable footshock | 1 w | 0 | ||
| 3 w | – | |||||
| F | Inescapable footshock | 1 w | 0 | |||
| Pham et al (2005) | M | Unconditioned footshock | 5 m | 0 | ||
| Bland et al (2006) | M | Inescapable tail shock | 1 h | – | – | |
| Shors et al (2007) | M | Inescapable footshock | 30 m | – | ||
| F | Inescapable footshock | 30 m | 0 | |||
| Chen et al (2006) | M | Inescapable tail shock | 1 w | – | ||
| Dagyte et al (2009) | M | Inescapable footshock | 20 m | 0 | ||
| 3 w | – | 0 | ||||
| Hanson et al (2011b) | M | Inescapable tail shock | 1 or 3 d | 0 | ||
| Learning-associated stressors | ||||||
| Malberg and Duman (2003) | M | Escapable footshock | 1 h | 0 | ||
| Pham et al (2005) | M | Context learning (footshock) | 5 m | – | 0 | |
| Van der Borght et al (2005) | M | Active shock avoidance | 1 d | 0 | 0 | |
| 4 d | 0 | 0 | ||||
| Bland et al (2006) | M | Escapable tail shock | 1 h | 0 | 0 | |
| Shors et al (2007) | M | Escapable footshock | 30 m | – | ||
| F | Escapable footshock | 30 m | 0 | |||
| Mohapel et al (2006) | M | Water maze | 4 d | 0 | 0 | |
| 2 w | – | – | ||||
| Aztiria et al (2007) | M | Water maze | 7 d | – | ||
Abbreviations: PCPA, para-chlorophenylalanine; 5,7-DHT, 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine; N/A, not applicable.
All listed results regard adult rats. Short survival=7–14 days; long survival=21–28 days. 0, no effect, −, decrease, +, increase.