Amino acid substitution analysis to identify the residues required for Dnd ATPase activity. A) Diagram and sequence of amino acid substitutions within the Δ4-1 region of Dnd. B) Relative ATPase activity of R392K, R392E, A393T, A394S, A395S, E396D, and E396R compared to wild-type zebrafish Dnd. C) PGC rescue efficiency of each dnd substitution in dnd MO-treated embryos. D) Representative 30-hpf embryos rescued with each Dnd substitution. E) qRT-PCR analysis shows the the relative expression of vasa, nanos1, and TDRD7 in dnd MO-treated embryos rescued with mRNA encoding wild-type dnd or the R392E and R392K substitutions. P value was calculated by Student’s t test.