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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Dec 6.
Published in final edited form as: Pediatrics. 2010 Sep 20;126(4):e884–e894. doi: 10.1542/peds.2009-3535

Table 1. Characteristics of the 6-Month Cohort at Enrollment.

IDA Nonanemic


Surveillance
(N = 36)
Intervention
(N = 33)
Surveillance
(N = 26)
Intervention
(N = 33)
Family characteristics
 Maternal age, y 27.6 ± 1.5 27.1 ± 1.2 26.6 ± 1.0 27.3 ± 1.2
 Maternal education, ya 7.9 ± 0.5 9.2 ± 0.6 9.5 ± 0.6 9.9 ± 0.4
 Maternal IQa,b 79.5 ± 1.6 81.8 ± 2.0 86.4 ± 2.0 84.9 ± 2.0
 Maternal depressionc 16.9 ± 2.1 14.1 ± 2.4 15.3 ± 2.4 9.9 ± 1.6
 Father present, n (%) 26 (72.2) 26 (78.8) 22 (84.6) 25 (75.8)
 Household head education, y 8.0 ± 0.5 9.0 ± 0.6 9.2 ± 0.6 8.7 ± 0.7
 No. of people in household 5.0 ± 0.2 5.2 ± 0.4 5.2 ± 0.4 6.0 ± 0.6
 Social class indexd 27.5 ± 1.2 29.9 ± 1.4 28.2 ± 1.6 27.4 ± 1.2
 Life stressa,e 4.9 ± 0.4 4.9 ± 0.5 4.0 ± 0.4 3.6 ± 0.4
 Home environmentf 28.1 ± 0.8 27.9 ± 1.1 29.7 ± 0.9 29.5 ± 0.9
Child characteristics
 Male, n (%)g 23 (63.9) 28 (84.8) 14 (53.8) 17 (51.5)
 Birth weight, kga 3.38 ± 0.05 3.47 ± 0.06 3.57 ± 0.08 3.60 ± 0.07
 Gestational age, wk 39.2 ± 0.2 39.1 ± 0.2 39.4 ± 0.2 39.5 ± 0.2
 Weight-for-age z score − 0.26 ± 0.14 − 0.04 ± 0.19 0.19 ± 0.15 0.12 ± 0.17
 Length-for-age z score − 0.23 ± 0.12 0.15 ± 0.16 −0.07 ± 0.14 − 0.04 ± 0.17
 Age at first bottle, d 101.7 ± 14.9 145.7 ± 24.2 103.1 ± 20.4 110.9 ± 18.9
 Intake of milk/formula, mL/d 451.3 ± 58.9 366.5 ± 63.2 451.1 ± 73.5 391.7 ± 70.0
Baseline developmental status
 Age at first test, mo 7.5 ± 0.1 7.5 ± 0.1 7.5 ± 0.1 7.3 ± 0.2
 Mental raw score, points 78.5 ± 0.9 76.9 ± 0.9 76.1 ± 0.7 75.7 ± 0.6
 Mental Development Index 102.9 ± 3.2 101.6 ± 2.7 97.0 ± 2.5 97.7 ± 2.4
 Motor raw score, points 29.9 ± 0.6 29.1 ± 0.7 28.9 ± 0.5 28.8 ± 0.6
 Motor Development Index 94.7 ± 2.1 96.5 ± 2.5 94.7 ± 2.2 96.7 ± 2.3
Behavior-rating scaleh
 Factor 1 0.01 ± 0.02 0.01 ± 0.03 −0.02 ± 0.02 − 0.01 ± 0.02
 Factor 2 − 0.09 ± 0.04 − 0.10 ± 0.05 −0.12 ± 0.04 − 0.11 ± 0.05
 Factor 3 0.11 ± 0.02 0.13 ± 0.02 0.09 ± 0.02 0.01 ± 0.03
 Factor 4a − 0.11 ± 0.06 − 0.11 ± 0.06 0.09 ± 0.06 0.12 ± 0.05
No. of weekly visits before infant's last assessmenti 29.6 ± 1.9 30.6 ± 1.4 30.1 ± 1.9 30.1 ± 1.9

Values are mean ± SE unless otherwise indicated. Behavior Rating Scale factor scores are expressed in SD units. Values for n are at enrollment (intention to treat); 1 infant with IDA and 2 nonanemic infants were removed before the baseline developmental assessment.

a

Values for the IDA group were significantly lower than those for the nonanemic group (P< .05), as tested by 2-way analysis of variance.

b

Measured by use of a short form of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Revised.49

c

Measured by use of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale.50

d

Measured by use of the Graffar Scale,51 designed to differentiate families at the lower end of the socioeconomic spectrum.

e

Measured by use of a scale modified from Weinraub et al (1987).52

f

Measured by use of the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment, Revised.53

g

More infants with IDA than infants without IDA were male (P = .01).

h

Behavior-Rating Scale factors consisted of the following scales: factor 1, energy, interest, initiative, exploration, attention, persistence, enthusiasm, and fearfulness; factor 2, gross-motor, fine-motor, movement control, hypotonicity, and slow movement; factor 3, negative affect, hypersensitivity, adaptation, frustration, orientation, and cooperation; and factor 4, positive affect, social referencing, and social engagement.

i

The number of visits before the second assessment was used if there was no third assessment.