Table 5.
Systematic review results: Technical details.
| Nº | Nº of nodes | Hardware | Sensors (*) | Protocol | Range | Topology | Radio | Harvesting System | Autonomy |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 8 | MICA2/MDA300 modules | T, DO, and pH | Custom DARPA | All: ∼30m. Node spacing: 1 – 2 m | Star | 433 MHz ISM band | 2 D-cell batteries, a 12V marine battery | Two weeks |
| 2 | 8 | MSP430F149, I2C EEPROM | T, pH, salinity, DO and COD, Air temperature, Air humidity, Light density; 2 node inner indexes: CPU voltage, chip temperature | Zigbee | 250 m | Double chain | 443 MHz ISM radio | Batteries + Solar energy | ∞ |
| 3 | 2 | MSP 430F1232 | T on different heights from the water surface down to the bottom | Contiki OS; GPRS | ∞ | Point to point | CC1100, GPRS | Battery; future: wave generator & solar cells. | Not 100% |
| 4 | 10 | MicaZ | Illuminance and sensor temperature | Custom adaptaive TDMA | WSN - Server: 600m. WSN: 100m. Node spacing: 10m | Star | 2.4 GHz ISM band Tx power 50 mW |
2 solar panels. The energy is stored in two battery packs | ∞ |
| 5 | 10 | PIC 18F452 PIC 16F76 |
T, pressure, turbidity, tilt, conductivity | Proprietary protocol. kOS | Node spacing: 150m. All: 2km | Multihop topology | 173.25 MHz ISM band, GSM | 2 alkaline D-cells | Three months |
| 6 | ? | Tyndall mote ATmega128L μC | T, phosphate, DO, conductivity, pH, turbidity, water level | Zigbee, TinyOS, IEEE 1451 | ? | ? | 2.4 GHz ISM band | Batteries up to 560mAh; 3 NiMH | ? |
| 7 | ? | ? | wind, air T, waves, water T and current profiles, chlorophyll, pH, photosynthetic active radiation, DO | IEEE802.11b | 24 km | ? | 2.4 GHz ISM band | Solar/batteries (lead acid) | ? |
| 8 | >10 | Campbell Scientific Loggers | Conductivity, pressure, salinity, T, chlorophyll/fluorescence, turbidity. Meteorological station. Nortek ADCP. | TCP/IP will move to 802.11/TCP/IP | Buoys spacing: 1 km. Reef towers spacing: 2 km | ? | RF411 radio (920–928 MHz), future: 802.11/WiFi | Solar/batteries | Twelve months |
| 9 | 5 | MSP430F1611, CC2420, CC2430 radio modules | T, pH, (future: DO, electrical conductivity rate and T) | ZigBee | ? | ? | 2.400–2.4835 GHz | 2 lithium batteries or 6 nickel-hydrogen batteries | ? |
| 10 | 20 | TelosB | Environmental T and light intensity | ? | 300m x100 m | ? | ? | Lithium batteries | ? |
| 11 | 5 | Single Board Computer TS-7260 | T sensor string, sonde with T, conductivity, pressure, turbidity, chlorophyll A fluorescence, pH, DO | RS-485 | 12 km | Point to point | 900MHz wireless modem | 4 Lithium-Ion AA batteries | One month/an entire season |
| 12 | 10 | MSP430F2618, CC2520 radio module, CC2591 range extender | T, pressure and Nortek ADCP | ZigBee | All: ∼20km. Node spacing: 2 km | Star, chain, tree, mesh | 2.4 GHz ISM band | 6 Lithium-Ion batteries 2000mAh and 2 solar panels | Three months |
(*)
T: Temperature, DO: Dissolved Oxygen, COD: Chemical Oxygen Demand