Table 1.

A summary of some SPR immunoassays of small molecules, giving the target analyte, the sample medium, reported limit of detection (LOD) and method of enhancement (if used). Note that researchers often use different methods for calculating LOD.

Target	Medium	Reported LOD	Enhancement	Reference
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene	Buffer	2 pg/mL	none	[102]
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene	Buffer	110 pg/mL	none	[103]
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene	Buffer	1,000 pg/mL	none	[104]
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene	Vapour	700 pg/mL	none	[105]
2,4-D	Buffer / river water	100 pg/mL	none	[65]
2,4-D	Buffer / river water	8 pg/mL	antibody / protein	[65]
2,4-Dinitrotoluene	Buffer	20 pg/mL	none	[107]
2-Hydroxybiphenyl	Buffer	100 pg/mL	none	[24]
7-Hydroxycoumarin	Serum	500,000 pg/mL	none	[100]
Aflatoxin B1	Buffer	3,000 pg/mL	none	[53]
Aflatoxin B1	Maize	970 pg/g	none	[54]
Amphetamine	Buffer	5,000 pg/mL	none	[72]
Benzimidazole carbamate	Milk extract	2,700 pg/g	none	[82]
Benzo[a]pyrene	Buffer	100 pg/mL	none	[24]
Cephalexin	Buffer	4,880 pg/mL	none	[90, 91]
Cephalexin	Milk	244,000 pg/mL	none	[90, 91]
Chloramphenicol	Shrimp extract	100 pg/mL	none	[74]
Chloramphenicol	Milk	100 pg/mL	secondary antibody	[75]
Chloramphenicol	Buffer	0.00074 pg/mL	40 nm gold	[11]
Cocaine	Buffer	2500 pg/mL	none	[72]
Cortisol	Saliva	49 pg/mL	secondary antibody	[33]
Cortisol	Buffer	360 pg/mL	none	[37]
Cortisol	Saliva	1,000 pg/mL	none	[37]
Cortisol	Saliva / Urine	2,000 pg/mL	none	[38]
Cortisone	Saliva / Urine	9,000 pg/mL	none	[38]
Deoxynivalenol	Wheat extract	2,500 pg/ml	none	[50]
Dihydrostreptamycin	Milk	20,000 pg/mL	none	[99]
Domoic acid	Clam extract	3,000 pg/mL	none	[57]
Domoic acid	Shellfish	> 1000 pg/g	none	[58]
Ecstasy	Buffer	5,000 pg/mL	none	[72]
Estradiol	Serum/Seawater	170 pg/mL	none	[29]
Estradiol	Buffer	25 pg/mL	secondary antibody	[7]
Estradiol	Buffer	600 pg/mL	none	[30]
Estradiol	Seawater	455 pg/mL	none	[41]
Estriol-16-glucruonide	Buffer	14 pg/mL	15 nm gold	[9]
Estriol-16-glucruonide	Urine	16 pg/mL	gold	[10]
Florefenicol	Shrimp extract	200 pg/mL	none	[74]
Florefenicol amine	Shrimp extract	250,000 pg/mL	none	[74]
Flumequine	Chicken serum	15,000 pg/mL	none	[87]
Flumequine	Chicken muscle	24,000 pg/g	none	[87]
Heroin	Buffer	500 pg/mL	none	[72]
Ivermectin	Bovine liver	19,100 pg/g	none	[98]
Methamphetamine	Buffer	9,000 pg/mL	none	[71]
Nicarbazin	Chicken Liver	17,000 pg/g	none	[92]
Nicarbazin	Egg	19,000 pg/g	none	[92]
Norfloxacin	Poultry meat	500 pg/g	none	[84]
Norfloxacin	Egg	1,000 pg/g	none	[84]
Norfloxacin	Fish	1,500 pg/g	none	[84]
Norfloxacin	Fish/Poultry/Egg extracts	1,000–50,000 pg/g	none	[86]
Ochratoxin A	Wine / beverages	58–400 pg/mL	40 nm gold	[12]
Ochratoxin A	Buffer	10 pg/mL	none	[51]
Okadaic Acid	Mussel extract	240 pg/mL	protein label	[55]
Okadaic Acid	Shellfish	20,000 pg/g	none	[56]
Penicillin G	Buffer / milk	1,000–2,000 pg/g	none	[81]
Penicillin G	Milk	2,600 pg/g	none	[89]
Phenytoin	Buffer	1,900 pg/mL	none	[18]
Progesterone	Buffer	8.6 pg/mL	25 nm gold	[4]
Progesterone	Buffer	4.9 pg/mL	10 nm gold	[3]
Progesterone	Milk	400–600 pg/mL	none	[27]
Progesterone	Buffer	35–60 pg/mL	none	[27]
Progesterone	Milk	3,000 pg/mL	none	[28]
Progesterone	Buffer	100 pg/mL	protein label	[15]
Saxitoxin	Shellfish	216,000 pg/g	none	[60]
Stanozolol	Buffer	700 pg/mL	colloidal gold sensor surface	[70]
Staphylococcal enterotoxin	Egg supernatant	1,000 pg/mL	none	[52]
Streptamycin	Milk	20,000 pg/mL	none	[99]
Sulfadiazine	Porcine Bile	28,000 pg/mL	none	[93]
Sulfamethazine	Porcine Bile	15,000 pg/mL	none	[93]
Sulfamethazine	Animal urine	5,000 pg/mL	none	[95]
Sulfamethazine	Milk	1,700 pg/g	none	[96]
Sulfamethazine	Milk	<278 pg/mL	secondary antibody	[97]
T-2/HT-2 toxins	Cereals/baby food	25,000–26,000 pg/g	none	[45]
Testosterone	Saliva	15.4 pg/mL	25 nm gold	[34]
Tetrodotoxin	Buffer	300 pg/mL	none	[64]
Thiamphenicol	Shrimp extract	500 pg/mL	none	[74]
Vitamin B-5	Food extracts	4,400 pg/mL	none	[68]
Warfarin	Plasma ultrafiltrate	4,000 pg/mL	none	[76]