Table 11.

Micro-sensors for organophosphate and carbamates (in italics) determination in water. WFD priority organic substance in bold type.

Method	Compound	LoD	Ref.
Colorimetry on gold nanoparticles	Chlorpyrifos Malathion	20 μg/L 100 μg/L	[146]
Guided shear horizontal surface acoustic wave devices on LiTaO3	Phosmet Parathion	5 mg/L 2 mg/L	[149]
Voltammetry on clay modified electrodes containing Ni2Al-NO3	Glyphosate Glufosinate	169 μg/L 905 μg/L	[150]
Amperometric activity measurement of acetylcholinesterase immobilized on screen-printed graphite electrode	Chlorpyrifos	2 μg/L	[151,152]
Voltammetry on glassy carbon electrode modified with a poly-L-cysteine film	Methyl parathion	1.7 μg/L	[153]
Amperometric activity measurement of acetylcholinasterase immobilized on gold nanoparticles and silk fibroin modified platinum electrode	Methyl paraoxon Carbofura Phoxim	6 ng/L 7 ng/L 0.6 μg/L	[148]
Amperometric activity measurement of acetylcholinesterase immobilized on calcium carbonate-chitosan composite film	Methyl parathion	1 μg/L	[154]
Amperometric activity measurement of acetylcholinesterase and choline oxidase within separate hybrid mesoporous silica membranes	Diazinon-oxon	0.37 μg/L	[155]
Amperometric activity measurement of acetylcholinesterase on gold-platinum bimetallic nanoparticles onto 3-amino-propyltriethoxy silane modified glassy carbon electrode	Paraoxon ethyl Sarin Aldicarb	9.5 μg/L 6 μg/L 48 μg/L	[156]
Amperometric activity measurement of acetylcholinesterase on poly(dimethosiloxane)-poly(diallydimethylammonium)/gold nanoparticles composite film	Paraoxon Parathion	0.5 ng/L 1.0 ng/L	[147]
Voltammetry on nano-alumine film modified electrode	Parathion	0.3 μg/L	[157]
Amperometric reactivation measurement of cholinesterase from organophosphorus-inhibited rat saliva on carbon nanotube modified screen printed carbon electrode	Paraoxon	0.14 μg/L	[158]

^*LoD: Limit of Detection.