Table 2.
Analytical characteristics of electrochemical sensors for cadmium determination in water, published between 2007 and 2009.
| Method | Tested sample | LoD (μg/L) | RSD (%) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DPASV on multiwalled carbon nanotubes/Bi film modified glassy carbon | Tap, river & spring waters | 0.2 | 4.6 | [34] |
| DPASV on boron-doped diamond | Acetate buffer | 0.4 | nr | [35] |
| DPASV on bismuth film/graphite electrode | Acetate pH 4 | 0.5 | nr | [36] |
| SWASV on hydroxyapatite modified carbon paste electrode | Tap water | 0.5 | 3.8 | [37] |
| Inhibition of urease immobilized on screen-printed 10% rhodinized carbon electrode | Standards | 0.6 | nr | [38] |
| DPASV on bismuth/poly(p-aminobenzene sulfonic acid) film electrode | Tap water | 0.6 | 3.4 | [39] |
| SWASV on antimony film carbon paste electrode | Spiked lake water | 0.8 | 3.8 | [40] |
| DPASV on multiwalled carbon nanotubes-sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate modified stannum film electrode | Tap water | 0.9 | 4.5 | [41] |
| Conductometric measurement of alkaline phosphatase activity of the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris on two gold interdigitated electrodes | Wastewater | 1.0 | nr | [42] |
| SWASV on bismuth-film electrode | River water | 1.0 | 4.4 | [43] |
| LASV on a zeolite NH4-Y modified carbon paste electrode | Ground & wastewaters | 1.0 | 7 | [44] |
| SWASV on polymer-modified glassy carbon electrode | Plating wastewater | 1.0 | 2.5 | [45] |
| Conductometric measurement of alkaline phosphatase activity of the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris on two platinum interdigitated electrodes | Tris-HCl buffer | 1.0 | 7 | [46, 47] |
| SWASV on square array of 8 × 8 screen-printed carbon-based microelectrodes | River | 1.3 | 18 | [48] |
| DPASV on glassy carbon electrode modified with a thiacalix[4]arene film | River & lake waters | 2.2 | 3.2 | [49] |
| SWASV on bismuth nanoparticle modified boron doped diamond | Standard pH 1.2 | 2.3 | nr | [50] |
| SWASV on glassy-carbon electrodes functionalized with composite of Nafion and thiol self-assembled monolayers on mesoporous supports | River water & seawater | 2.5 | 5 | [51] |
| SWASV on screen-printed graphite electrode | Seawater | 2.9 | 2.3 | [52] |
| Cyclic voltammetry of invertase-glucose oxidase activities on platinum microelectrode | Phosphate buffer | 3.0 | nr | [53] |
| SWASV on carbon disk screen-printed electrode with Bi ions | Wastewaters Spiked tap water | 3.6 | 10 | [54] |
| SWASV on nitrogen doped diamond-like carbon microelectrode array | Acetate pH 4 | 4.6 | nr | [36] |
| DPASV on screen printed carbon electrode | Mine water | 9 | 4.5 | [55] |
| ASV on bismuth electrode | Pore & ground water | 9.3 | 2 | [56] |
| ASV on screen-printed bismuth oxide/graphite electrode | Wastewater | 16 | 9.1 | [57] |
| DPASV on tape ion sensor based on metal ion transfer reactions at the water/gel micro-interface | Standards | 20 | nr | [58] |
| LSASV on antimony nanoparticle modified boron doped diamond | Standard pH 1 | 38 | nr | [59] |
| Potentiometry on ion-selective electrodes with PVC/4-hydroxy salophen membrane | River water & wastewater | 100 | 1 | [60] |
| Potentiometry on ion-selective electrodes with PVC/thiacalix[4]arene membranes | River water | 120 | nr | [61] |
| Conductometric measurement of alkaline phosphatase activity in enzyme membranes on gold interdigitated electrodes | Tris-nitrate buffer | 500 | 4 | [62] |
*
LoD: Limit of Detection; RSD: Relative Standard Deviation; nr: not reported; DPASV: Differential Pulse Anodic Stripping Voltammetry; SWASV: Square-Wave Anodic Stripping Voltammetry; LSASV: linear-scan anodic stripping voltammetry.