Table 8.
Analytical characteristics of electrochemical sensors for lead determination in water, published between 2007 and 2009.
| Method | Tested samples | LoD (μg/L) | RSD (%) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DPASV on multiwalled carbon nanotubes/Bi film modified glassy carbon electrode | Tap & river water | 0.1 | 4.1 | [34] |
| Potentiometry on 5,5,dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid)/PVC membrane | Mine water | 0.12 | 20 | [128] |
| SWASV on hydroxyapatite modified carbon paste electrode | Tap & wastewater | 0.16 | 4.1 | [126] |
| SWASV on antimony film carbon paste electrode | Lake water | 0.2 | 1.2 | [40] |
| LASV on graphite felt electrode | Standards | 0.2 | 15 | [127] |
| DPASV on carbon paste electrode modified with biomolecular chitosan | Tap water | 0.3 | 3.5 | [130] |
| SWASV on bismuth-film electrodes | River water | 0.5 | 4.4 | [43] |
| DPASV on bismuth film/graphite electrode | Acetate pH 4 | 0.5 | nr | [36] |
| DPASV on bismuth/poly(p-aminobenzene sulfonic acid) film electrode | Tap water | 0.80 | 3.9 | [39] |
| SWASV on carbon disk screen-printed electrode with Bi ions | Wastewater | 0.9 | 7.4 | [54] |
| Conductometric measurement of alkaline phosphatase activity of the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris on two gold interdigitated electrodes | Wastewater | 1 | nr | [42] |
| SWASV on polymer-modified glassy carbon electrode | Plating wastewater | 1 | 2.5 | [131] |
| DPASV on boron-doped diamond | Acetate buffer | 1.1 | nr | [35] |
| DPASV on glassy carbon electrode modified with p-tert-butylthiacalix[4]arene | Lake & tap waters | 1.7 | 2.9 | [49] |
| SWASV on screen-printed graphite electrode | Seawater | 1.8 | 4.9 | [52] |
| SWASV on bismuth nanoparticle modified boron doped diamond | Standard pH 1.2 | 1.9 | nr | [50] |
| SWASV on glassy-carbon electrodes modified with Nafion & thiol monolayer composite on mesoporous supports | River & ground waters | 2.7 | 5 | [51, 132] |
| LASV on a zeolite NH4-Y modified carbon paste electrode | Groundwater & industrial wastewater | 3.6 | 7 | [44] |
| SWASV on carbon paste electrode modified with 2-aminothiazole | Tap water | 4.5 | 10 | [116] |
| SWASV on nitrogen doped diamond-like carbon microelectrode array | Acetate buffer pH 4 | 4.6 | nr | [36] |
| Cyclic voltammetry of invertase–glucose oxidase activities on platinum microelectrode | Phosphate buffer | 6.2 | nr | [53] |
| ASV on screen-printed Bismuth oxide/graphite electrode | Wastewater | 8 | 5.6 | [57] |
| SWASV on bismuth electrode | Pore & groundwater | 8 | 15 | [56] |
| LSASV on antimony nanoparticle modified boron doped diamond | Standard pH 1 | 18.5 | nr | [59] |
| Potentiometry on polyaminoanthraquinone microparticle/PVC membrane | Spiked rain & tap waters | 160 | nr | [133] |
| LASV on Nitrogen doped tetrahedral amorphous carbon thin films/silicone | Standard pH 1 | 210 | nr | [121] |
| SWASV on polymer-modified glassy carbon electrode | Plating wastewater | 400 | 2.8 | [45] |
| Potentiometry on substituted macrocyclic diamides/PVC membrane | Standards | 410 | [134] | |
| Conductometric measurement of alkaline phosphatase activity in enzyme membrane on gold interdigitated electrodes | Standards | 40,000 | 4 | [62] |
*
LoD: Limit of Detection; RSD: Relative Standard Deviation; nr: not reported; DPASV: Differential Pulse Anodic Stripping Voltammetry; SWASV: Square-Wave Anodic Stripping Voltammetry; ; LSASV: linear-scan anodic stripping voltammetry.