Table 1.
Comparison of different biosensors.
| Method [reference] | Sensitivity (minimal UV dose) | Endpoint analysed | Approach | Positive Features |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vitamin D [26] | 40.0 J/m2 (282 nm) | Photoisomer concentration | Spectrophotometric | Chemical measurements, analysis a beneficial effect, easy to perform, high spectral selectivity. |
| Uracil thin layer-OD [24] | 10.0 J/m2 (254 nm) | Polycrystalline uracil thin-layer | Spectrophotometric | Chemical measurements, easy to perform. |
| Uracil thin layer-OWLS [27] | 0.8 J/m2 (254 nm) | Optogeometrical parameters of a thin layer | Refractive index changes | Chemical measurements, easy to perform. |
| Bacteriophage λ DNA [31] | 6.1 kJ/m2 (sunlight) | DNA polymerase blockage | PCR | Portable, robust, stability. |
| Phage T7 DNA [32] | 10.0 J/m2 (254 nm) | DNA polymerase blockage | QPCR | Portable, robust, stability. |
| Naked calf thymus DNA solution [62] | ∼10.0 J/m2 (equivalent to UVB) | CPDs | Antibodies | Portable, direct lesion measurements. |
| Naked calf-thymus DNA + bacteriophage PWH3a-P1 [39] | 1.9 kJ/m2 (305 nm) 41.0 kJ/m2 (320 nm) |
CPDs, plaque forming units | Radioimmunoassay, viral infectivity | Portable, direct lesion measurements, determines biological activity. |
| Plasmid DNA [6] | 50.0 J/m2 (UVC) 2.0 kJ/m2 (UVB) 50.0 kJ/m2 (UVA) |
CPDs, (6-4)PPs, oxidized bases, SSBs, plasmid viability | DNA repair enzymes, antibodies, alkali treatment, genotoxic effects | Portable, robust, direct and specific lesions measurements, determines biological activity. |
| B. subtilis spore [41] | 650.0 J/m2 (sunlight) | Colony forming units | Spore inactivation | Portable, robust, easy to perform, determines biological activity. |
| DLR-biofilm, B.subtilis spore [22] | 10.0 J/m2 (254 nm) | Optical density | Image analysis | Portable, robust, easy to perform. |
| RoDos [63] | 1.0 J/m2 (UVC) | Colonies, optical density | Cellular survival, image analysis | Direct evaluation of biological effects on mammalian cells |
| Human keratinocytes [54] | 3.5 kJ/m2 (UVB) 42.7 kJ/m2 (UVA) |
CPDs, SSBs | Comet assay, antibodies | Direct evaluation of biological effects on human cells |
| Reconstructed skin [54] | 3.5 kJ/m2 (UVB) 42.7 kJ/m2 (UVA) |
CPDs, SSBs | Comet assay, antibodies | Direct evaluation of biological effects on human cells |