Table 3.

Themes for commercially-viable CMOS neuronal interfaces.

Constraints (for commercially-viable solutions)	Emerging Characteristics
use of standard CMOS technologies(mature processes: low cost; high availability)	bondpad modification using plating
	high spatial resolution (for MEAs) using addressable sensor arrays
no complex post-processing of ICs (e.g., no additional lithography)	minimised cleft by using specific adhesion layer peptides
useful lifetimes for long in vitro assays or long-term (chronic) implantation	improved packaging based on MEMS technology
	robust signal amplification using very low-noise amplifier designs