Table 2.

—Indications for Surgery/Colectomy in CDI

	Indication
Immediate surgery/colectomy
	Bowel perforation
	Fulminant colitis
	Refractory shock
	Peritonitis with impending perforation
Surgery after 12-24 h of medical therapy
	Lack of clinical improvement
	Development of toxic megacolon (>6 cm)
	Severe colitis in older adults (age >65 y)
	Coexisting inflammatory bowel disease
	Progressive organ dysfunction

During calculation for surgery, appropriate antimicrobial treatment (see Table 3) and hemodynamic resuscitation should occur. See Table 1 legend for expansion of abbreviation.