Table 1.
Age, Lifestyle, and Clinical and Biochemical Characteristics of Subjects According to the MDS
| MDS | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | 0–3 (n=104) | 4 (n=70) | 5 (n=81) | 6–9 (n=90) | P* |
| Age, y | 53.8±0.3 | 54.3±0.3 | 54.5±0.3 | 54.8±0.3 | 0.02 |
| Education, y | 13.8±0.2 | 14.1±0.2 | 14.7±0.2 | 14.5±0.2 | 0.003 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 29.6±0.5 | 29.5±0.6 | 29.5±0.5 | 28.5±0.5 | 0.13 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.94±0.01 | 0.95±0.01 | 0.95±0.01 | 0.94±0.01 | 0.75 |
| Physical activity, unit | 7.15±0.16 | 7.34±0.19 | 7.69±0.18 | 7.49±0.17 | 0.07 |
| Smoking status, n (%) | 0.001 | ||||
| Former | 29 (27.9) | 24 (34.3) | 33 (40.7) | 44 (48.9) | |
| Current | 41 (39.4) | 34 (48.6) | 13 (16.0) | 9 (10.0) | |
| Never | 34 (32.7) | 12 (17.1) | 35 (43.2) | 37 (41.1) | |
| Married, n (%) | 77 (74.0) | 54 (77.1) | 66 (81.5) | 77 (85.6) | 0.07 |
| Employed, n (%) | 78 (75.0) | 58 (82.9) | 64 (79.0) | 74 (82.2) | 0.28 |
| Depressive symptoms, BDI score | 6.04±0.62 | 4.44±0.74 | 4.15±0.70 | 3.98±0.67 | 0.02 |
| Plasma glucose, mg/dL | 98.2±1.8 | 102.7±2.1 | 100.0±2.0 | 103.3±1.9 | 0.052 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 130.3±1.6 | 129.5±1.8 | 128.5±1.7 | 129.3±1.6 | 0.61 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 80.8±1.1 | 80.6±1.2 | 79.8±1.2 | 82.3±1.1 | 0.37 |
| Blood lipids, mg/dL | |||||
| Total triglycerides | 176.6±10.0 | 192.9±11.6 | 179.2±11.6 | 182.5±10.5 | 0.75 |
| Total cholesterol | 185.3±3.7 | 193.2±4.4 | 186.0±4.2 | 189.1±4.0 | 0.57 |
| HDL cholesterol | 38.9±0.9 | 38.4±1.0 | 39.7±1.0 | 37.7±1.0 | 0.41 |
| LDL cholesterol | 124.0±3.3 | 125.9±3.9 | 120.8±3.7 | 125.0±3.5 | 0.96 |
| Previous coronary heart disease, n (%) | 13 (12.5) | 2 (2.9) | 12 (14.8) | 6 (6.7) | 0.31 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 8 (7.7) | 8 (11.6) | 11 (13.6) | 10 (11.1) | 0.35 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 36 (34.6) | 21 (30.0) | 24 (29.7) | 26 (28.9) | 0.40 |
| Use of fish oil supplements, n (%) | 2 (1.9) | 2 (2.9) | 5 (6.2) | 10 (11.1) | 0.01 |
| Use of statins, n (%) | 26 (25.0) | 11 (15.7) | 27 (33.3) | 22 (24.4) | 0.79 |
| Use of aspirin, n (%) | 29 (27.9) | 12 (17.1) | 25 (30.9) | 21 (23.3) | 0.67 |
| Plasma inflammatory biomarkers | |||||
| IL-6, pg/mL† | 2.1 (1.8–2.3) | 1.9 (1.6–2.2) | 1.8 (1.6–2.1) | 1.5 (1.3–1.7) | <0.0001 |
| hsCRP, mg/L† | 1.4 (1.1–1.7) | 1.3 (1.0–1.7) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 0.02 |
BDI indicates Beck Depression Inventory; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; and LDL, low-density lipoprotein. Results are expressed as mean±SEM when appropriate. Variables (%) are dichotomous except smoking status.
*
Test for trend across diet groups. All probability values are corrected for pair clustering. Mixed models were used for continuous variables, generalized estimating equation logistic models for dichotomous variables, and repeated proportional odds model with generalized estimating equation for the 3-level ordinal smoking variable.
†
Geometric means (95% CIs).