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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Res Educ Eff. 2011;4(2):154–172. doi: 10.1080/19345747.2011.555294

Table 2.

Overall Impact on Reading Gains

Test Treatment Group
Mean Gain a
(n=163)		 Control Group
Mean Gain a
(n=98)		 Impact b
(T – C)		 P-value
Decoding
    WJ-R Word Attack 0.35 0.16 0.19 * 0.047
    Letter-Sound Survey 0.29 0.26 0.03 0.828
    TOWRE Phonemic Decoding 0.05 −0.01 0.06 0.573
Spelling
    WRAT-3 Word Spelling 0.15 0.04 0.11 0.098
    Study Spelling Test 0.16 0.09 0.07 0.256
Word Recognition
    WRAT-3 Word Reading 0.43 0.32 0.11 0.371
    WJ Letter-Word Identification 0.11 0.09 0.02 0.912
Comprehension and Vocabulary
    Nelson Word Meaning 0.08 0.31 −0.23 0.072
    Nelson Reading Comprehension 0.13 0.17 −0.04 0.817
Fluency
    TOWRE Sight Word Efficiency 0.07 −0.03 0.10 0.360
    Passage Reading Test 0.05 0.06 −0.01 0.945
*

p < .05

a

Mean gains are the model-adjusted pre-test to post-test gains expressed in effect size units. All models included as covariates the pre-test score and an indicator for whether the learner was born and educated outside of the United States.

b

Impacts are expressed in standardized effect size units.