Table 2.

Long-term consequences of exposure to drugs of abuse in nonhuman primates and humans as measured by microdialysis, autoradiography, or neuroimaging

Effect	Drug	Nonhuman primates	Humans
DAT Availability	Cocaine	↑10–3	↑16
	MDMA/amphetamine		↓4,28
	Methamphetamine	↓5,6	↓17,18,19,20,21,27
	Morphine	↓11
D1 receptor availability	Methamphetamine	–5,24
D2 receptor availability	Cocaine	↓8,9,13,14	↓15
	Methamphetamine	–24	↓19
Dopamine release	Cocaine	↓44	↓42
SERT Availability	Cocaine	↑1
	MDMA	↓2–1	↓25
vMAT levels	MDMA	–7
	Methamphetamine	–24
Distribution of cerebral activation	Cocaine	↑12,32,33,34
Cerebral perfusion	Cocaine		↓35,36,37,38,39
Cerebral metabolism	Cocaine	↑12↓32,33,34	↑43 ↓40,41
White matter integrity	Cocaine		↓22,23
	MDMA		↓25
MRS markers	MDMA		↓29 30,31

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