FOSL1 occupancy on AP-1 elements within the Mmp9 promoter. (A) Schematic representation of putative AP-1 elements (black and white boxes) within Mmp9 promoters of the rat (rMmp9), mouse (mMmp9), and human (hMmp9). Sites A and B (white boxes) were conserved in all three species. Putative AP-1 elements demarcated by black boxes were not conserved. TSS, translation start site. (B) ChIP determination of the occupancy of FOSL1 on sites A and B of the rat Mmp9 promoter in Rcho-1 TS cells expressing control or Fosl1 shRNAs. IgG was included as a negative control. Values significantly different from control shRNA are indicated (*, P < 0.05). (C and D) Activities of an empty luciferase reporter construct (control), a wild-type rat Mmp9 promoter (−1024 to +47)-luciferase reporter construct (wt), or a mutant rat Mmp9 promoter (−1024 to +47)-luciferase reporter construct with AP-1 sites A and B mutated (mt). All constructs were evaluated in Rcho-1 TS cells. The wt Mmp9 promoter was active and dependent upon AP-1 sites A and B (*, P < 0.05). All experiments were performed in triplicate. Bars represent the mean ± SEM.