TABLE 2.

Physiological values of main constituents of biological tissues summarized from Fratzl (2008), Silver et al., (2000; 2001a,b,c; 2002a,b; 2003), Noda (1972), Cowin, (1986; 1999); Cowin and Mehrabadi (1997); Cowin and Cardoso (2011), and Turner at al., (1999).

Parameter	Symbol	Value	Units
Bulk modulus of lipid	KL	0.5	GPa
Bulk modulus of water	KW	2.25	GPa
Mass density of water	ρf	1000	Kg/m3
Viscosity of water	ν	1×10−3	Pa-s
Young’s modulus of collagen	EC	5.95 (4.2–7.69)	GPa
Young’s modulus of other proteins	EP	4.0	GPa
Shear modulus of collagen/protein matrix	GC	2.14	GPa
Poisson ratio of collagen/protein matrix	νC	0.4
Mass density of collagen	ρC	1430	Kg/m3
Young’s modulus of bone mineralized matrix	Em	18	GPa
Shear modulus of bone mineralized matrix	Gm	7.2	GPa
Poisson ratio of bone mineralized matrix	νm	0.25
Mass density of bone mineralized matrix	ρm	2000	Kg/m3