Table 1. Characteristics of subjects, values are mean ± SD or n (%).
| Variable | Men (2433) | Women (4279) | P |
| Age, yr | 48.6±13.0 | 50.0±12.0 | <0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 25.8±3.8 | 24.8±3.8 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 87.4±10.1 | 80.7±10.0 | <0.001 |
| Waist hip ratio | 0.89±0.07 | 0.84±0.07 | <0.001 |
| Fat mass, kg | 17.7±1.7 | 19.1±1.8 | <0.001 |
| Physical activity level | 1.43±0.39 | 1.52±0.41 | <0.001 |
| Sunlight time, h/week | 10.1±11.8 | 10.0±10.6 | 0.763 |
| Energy intake, kcal/d | 2371.9±751.0 | 1955.5±619.1 | <0.001 |
| Dietary calcium intake, mg/d | 427.6±128.6 | 431.7±136.5 | 0.228 |
| Dietary calcium intake >800 mg/d, n (%) | 34 (1.4) | 58 (1.4) | 0.056 |
| Calcium supplementation use, n (%) | 536 (22.0) | 1643 (38.4) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol use, n (%) | 1459 (60.0) | 507 (11.8) | <0.001 |
| Smoking, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Never | 1040 (42.9) | 3980 (93.2) | |
| Past | 280 (11.5) | 59 (1.4) | |
| Current | 1106 (45.6) | 231 (5.4) |