Table 2.
Gene Level Dependence upon Sham (Sh) vs. Anemic (An) Exposure, Age Group, Anemia × Age Group Interaction, Duration of Anemic Exposure, and Brain Region Tested
| Gene | Coefficients
|
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sham vs. Anemic Exposures | Age Group | Anemia × Age Group | 24- vs. 48-h Exposures | Hippocampus vs. Cortex | ||
| HIF-1α | 0.43 (0.09)*** | 0.31 (0.13)* | A | 0.42 (0.13)** | −0.60 (0.18)** | 0.08 (0.09) |
| −0.07 (0.13) | M | −0.20 (0.13) | ||||
| HIF-2α | 0.23 (0.06)*** | 0.043 (0.08) | A | 0.19 (0.08)* | −0.52 (0.11)*** | 0.07 (0.06) |
| 0.087 (0.08) | M | −0.16 (0.08) | ||||
| VEGF | 0.28 (0.06)*** | 0.21 (0.08)* | A | 0.19 (0.08)* | −0.34 (0.11)** | 0.21 (0.06)*** |
| −0.12 (0.08) | M | −0.027 (0.08) | ||||
| EPO | 0.44 (0.21)* | 0.19 (0.30) | A | −0.0046 (0.30) | 0.56 (0.43) | −0.03 (0.21) |
| 0.19 (0.30) | M | −0.084 (0.30) | ||||
| EPO-r | 1.29 (0.42)** | −0.70 (0.59) | A | 0.14 (0.59) | −1.7 (0.83)* | 1.02 (0.42)* |
| 2.7 (0.59)*** | M | 0.49 (0.59) | ||||
| e-NOS | 0.83 (0.10)*** | −0.13 (0.14) | A | 0.29 (0.14)* | 0.032 (0.20) | 0.16 (0.10) |
| 0.81 (0.14)*** | M | −0.027 (0.14) | ||||
| i-NOS | 0.029 (0.05) | −0.42 (0.07)*** | A | −0.15 (0.07)* | −0.50 (0.10)*** | −0.009 (0.05) |
| 0.17 (0.07)* | M | −0.23 (0.07)** | ||||
| n-NOS | 0.34 (0.06)*** | 0.037 (0.08) | A | 0.28 (0.08)*** | −0.43 (0.12)*** | 0.065 (0.06) |
| 0.22 (0.08) | M | −0.09 (0.08) | ||||
| CA-9 | 0.03 (0.05) | −0.13 (0.07) | A | −0.016 (0.07) | −0.23 (0.10)* | −0.36 (0.05)*** |
| −0.09 (0.07) | M | 0.16 (0.07)* | ||||
| GLUT-1 | 0.49 (0.07)*** | −0.08 (0.10) | A | 0.084 (0.10) | −0.0008 (0.14) | 0.20 (0.07)** |
| −0.22 (0.10)* | M | −0.095 (0.10) | ||||
| PGK | 1.6 (0.37)*** | −1.3 (0.52)* | A | −0.77 (0.52) | 4.0 (0.73)*** | −0.18 (0.37) |
| 3.3 (0.52)*** | M | 1.8 (0.52)*** | ||||
Statistics: Employing ANOVA multiple regression analysis, coefficients derived include the following.
Sham vs. Anemic exposures: Tests the significance of the effect of anemia relative to the sham exposures in controlling the specific gene level.
Age Group: Tests for significant differences between the aged (A) vs. young, and mature (M) vs. young age groups in controlling the specific gene level, independent of, or after controlling for, the effect of anemia. Coefficients and significance levels are expressed relative to the young group.
Anemia × Age group: Tests for the effect of anemic vs. sham exposures within each age group. Coefficients and significance levels are relative to the young anemic group.
24-h vs. 48-h Exposures: Tests for differences in gene levels by duration of anemic or sham exposures. Coefficients and significance levels are relative to 24-h exposure.
Hippocampus vs. Cortex: Tests for differences in gene levels by tissue sampled. Coefficients and significance levels are relative to cortex.
Standard error is expressed in parentheses.
Significance is denoted in the following manner (* P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001).
CA-9 = carbonic anhydrase-9; EPO = erythropoietin; EPO-r = erythropoietin receptor; GLUT-1 = glucose transporter-1; HIF-1α = hypoxia-inducible factor-1α; HIF-2α = hypoxia-inducible factor-2α; NOS = nitric-oxide synthases (e = endothelial, i = inducible, and n = neuronal); PGK-1 = phosphoglycerate kinase-1; VGEF = vascular endothelial growth factor.