Offspring hypothalamic neuropeptide expression. Hypothalamic mRNA expression of proopiomelanocortin (Pomc; A), agouti-related peptide (Agrp; B), and neuropeptide Y (Npy; C) in P0 pups from the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd pregnancies. Gene expression was normalized to β-actin. For pregnancy no. 1, n = 8 (LF) and n = 28 (HF). For pregnancy no. 2, n = 17 (LF), n = 32 (HF), and n = 13 (DR2). For pregnancy no. 3, n = 15 (LF), n = 8–10 (HF), and n = 14 (DR3).