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Antidromic identification of projection neurons can be achieved in ensemble recordings. A: stimulation of the premotor song nucleus RA (200 μs, 42 μA) reliably drove an HVC spike at a latency of 8.1 ms. Six traces are overlaid and temporally aligned for each of the 4 recording sites. B: triggering the stimulus by a spontaneous spike resulted in orthodromic-antidromic collisions. Scale bar: 5 ms, 500 μV. Data are from bird R-161, age 150 days.
