Table 1.
State-space model parameters
| Subject | A | BR | BL | RMS | r | BIC | AIC | Subject | A | BR | BL | RMS | r | BIC | AIC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abrupt group (experiment 1) | Gradual group (experiment 1) | ||||||||||||||
| 1 | 1.000 | −0.742 | −0.642 | 5.813 | 0.879 | 3.536 | 3.559 | 1 | 0.997 | −0.057 | 0.001 | 4.158 | 0.845 | 2.897 | 3.298 |
| 2 | 0.909 | −0.474 | −0.364 | 7.549 | 0.706 | 4.087 | 3.756 | 2 | 0.994 | −0.030 | −0.005 | 3.327 | 0.824 | 2.454 | 3.121 |
| 3 | 1.000 | −0.635 | −0.109 | 7.798 | 0.836 | 4.145 | 3.758 | 3 | 0.979 | −0.065 | −0.016 | 3.714 | 0.800 | 2.673 | 3.222 |
| 4 | 0.947 | −0.721 | −0.036 | 8.458 | 0.741 | 4.304 | 3.841 | 4 | 0.996 | −0.043 | −0.001 | 4.846 | 0.747 | 3.196 | 3.422 |
| 5 | 1.000 | −0.918 | −1.000 | 4.494 | 0.933 | 3.055 | 3.366 | 5 | 0.984 | −0.142 | −0.057 | 4.095 | 0.809 | 2.844 | 3.296 |
| 6 | 0.991 | −0.135 | −0.103 | 10.062 | 0.644 | 4.666 | 3.949 | 6 | 0.997 | −0.026 | −0.016 | 4.331 | 0.729 | 2.979 | 3.308 |
| 7 | 0.990 | −0.101 | −0.028 | 4.854 | 0.867 | 3.204 | 3.413 | 7 | 0.970 | −0.056 | −0.013 | 3.514 | 0.765 | 2.562 | 3.181 |
| 8 | 1.000 | −0.436 | −0.322 | 6.970 | 0.874 | 3.933 | 3.696 | 8 | 0.989 | −0.066 | −0.053 | 4.375 | 0.747 | 2.974 | 3.345 |
| 9 | 1.000 | −0.474 | −0.317 | 4.107 | 0.929 | 2.875 | 3.298 | 9 | 0.985 | −0.068 | −0.038 | 2.949 | 0.865 | 2.209 | 3.049 |
| 10 | 0.994 | −0.089 | −0.060 | 4.540 | 0.867 | 3.045 | 3.373 | 10 | 0.970 | −0.214 | −0.107 | 4.345 | 0.799 | 2.981 | 3.340 |
| 11 | 1.000 | −0.489 | −0.366 | 5.169 | 0.910 | 3.335 | 3.461 | 11 | 0.997 | −0.151 | −0.037 | 3.578 | 0.882 | 2.594 | 3.194 |
| 12 | 0.995 | −0.111 | −0.012 | 4.252 | 0.923 | 2.944 | 3.324 | 12 | 0.989 | −0.099 | −0.039 | 3.734 | 0.832 | 2.666 | 3.226 |
| Mean | 0.986 | −0.444 | −0.280 | 6.172 | 0.842 | 3.594 | 3.566 | 0.987 | −0.085 | −0.032 | 3.914 | 0.803 | 2.752 | 3.250 | |
| 95% CI | 0.015 | 0.153 | 0.161 | 1.056 | 0.051 | 0.329 | 0.122 | 0.005 | 0.031 | 0.017 | 0.290 | 0.027 | 0.149 | 0.057 | |
| AbruptE group (experiment 2) | GradualE group (experiment 2) | ||||||||||||||
| 1 | 0.992 | −0.506 | −0.399 | 6.284 | 0.874 | 3.697 | 3.533 | 1 | 0.994 | −0.052 | −0.025 | 3.741 | 0.702 | 2.629 | 3.151 |
| 2 | 0.988 | −0.262 | −0.085 | 3.322 | 0.924 | 2.414 | 3.055 | 2 | 0.995 | −0.095 | −0.027 | 3.085 | 0.867 | 2.301 | 3.009 |
| 3 | 0.994 | −0.038 | −0.009 | 5.493 | 0.730 | 3.453 | 3.403 | 3 | 0.995 | −0.072 | −0.034 | 3.350 | 0.793 | 2.407 | 3.274 |
| 4 | 0.999 | −0.488 | −0.510 | 7.639 | 0.812 | 4.117 | 3.677 | 4 | 1.000 | −0.049 | 0.000 | 4.355 | 0.796 | 2.991 | 3.070 |
| 5 | 0.997 | −0.072 | −0.073 | 5.981 | 0.838 | 3.625 | 3.455 | 5 | 0.990 | −0.074 | −0.049 | 3.816 | 0.719 | 2.659 | 3.263 |
| 6 | 0.992 | −0.199 | −0.067 | 5.818 | 0.832 | 3.571 | 3.476 | 6 | 0.957 | −0.572 | −0.218 | 4.420 | 0.872 | 2.871 | 3.166 |
| 7 | 0.984 | −0.480 | −0.043 | 6.088 | 0.826 | 3.654 | 3.510 | 7 | 0.974 | −0.175 | −0.011 | 3.852 | 0.811 | 2.730 | 3.264 |
| 8 | 0.714 | −0.869 | −0.064 | 5.469 | 0.787 | 3.436 | 3.431 | 8 | 0.992 | −0.052 | −0.018 | 3.812 | 0.710 | 2.717 | 3.163 |
| 9 | 0.991 | −0.019 | 0.018 | 14.544 | 0.483 | 5.389 | 4.184 | 9 | 0.981 | −0.135 | −0.071 | 3.218 | 0.813 | 2.373 | 3.165 |
| 10 | 0.991 | −0.050 | 0.010 | 6.292 | 0.810 | 3.697 | 3.559 | 10 | 0.997 | −0.029 | 0.002 | 3.658 | 0.799 | 2.626 | 3.031 |
| Mean | 0.964 | −0.298 | −0.122 | 6.693 | 0.791 | 3.705 | 3.528 | 0.988 | −0.131 | −0.045 | 3.731 | 0.788 | 2.630 | 3.156 | |
| 95% CI | 0.052 | 0.165 | 0.106 | 1.740 | 0.070 | 0.431 | 0.165 | 0.008 | 0.095 | 0.038 | 0.257 | 0.036 | 0.129 | 0.056 | |
| Blocked abrupt group (experiment 3) | Blocked gradual group (experiment 3) | ||||||||||||||
| 1 | 0.972 | −0.021 | −0.009 | 3.412 | 0.740 | 2.525 | 1.982 | 1 | 0.967 | −0.225 | 0.000 | 5.874 | 0.822 | 3.508 | 2.252 |
| 2 | 0.973 | −0.298 | 0.000 | 4.741 | 0.944 | 3.038 | 2.141 | 2 | 1.000 | −0.173 | −0.007 | 4.309 | 0.858 | 2.991 | 2.098 |
| 3 | 1.000 | −0.056 | −0.008 | 4.811 | 0.894 | 3.243 | 2.151 | 3 | 0.995 | −0.027 | −0.008 | 3.095 | 0.779 | 2.330 | 1.934 |
| 4 | 0.898 | −0.291 | 0.000 | 8.318 | 0.740 | 4.346 | 2.427 | 4 | 0.998 | −0.036 | −0.015 | 5.357 | 0.544 | 3.383 | 2.206 |
| 5 | 0.944 | −0.154 | −0.057 | 4.045 | 0.902 | 2.871 | 2.071 | 5 | 1.000 | −0.066 | −0.004 | 3.151 | 0.903 | 2.360 | 1.943 |
| 6 | 0.887 | −0.100 | −0.036 | 4.240 | 0.818 | 2.938 | 2.093 | 6 | 1.000 | −0.024 | −0.008 | 4.344 | 0.667 | 3.003 | 2.102 |
| 7 | 0.990 | −0.033 | 0.000 | 4.047 | 0.916 | 2.786 | 2.058 | 7 | 0.892 | −0.315 | −0.077 | 3.943 | 0.828 | 2.806 | 2.054 |
| 8 | 0.998 | −0.043 | −0.003 | 4.130 | 0.906 | 2.951 | 2.088 | 8 | 1.000 | −0.094 | −0.022 | 2.727 | 0.906 | 2.077 | 1.871 |
| 9 | 0.940 | −0.330 | 0.000 | 5.631 | 0.916 | 3.449 | 2.237 | 9 | 0.898 | −0.139 | −0.003 | 3.334 | 0.773 | 2.472 | 1.971 |
| 10 | 0.983 | −0.010 | −0.007 | 5.517 | 0.276 | 3.501 | 2.229 | 10 | 0.911 | −0.174 | 0.000 | 4.080 | 0.858 | 2.732 | 2.071 |
| Mean | 0.958 | −0.133 | −0.012 | 4.889 | 0.805 | 3.165 | 2.148 | 0.966 | −0.127 | −0.014 | 4.021 | 0.794 | 2.766 | 2.050 | |
| 95% CI | 0.025 | 0.079 | 0.012 | 0.860 | 0.109 | 0.307 | 0.082 | 0.029 | 0.056 | 0.011 | 0.957 | 0.100 | 0.386 | 0.108 | |
Parameter values are given for each participant in experiments 1–3 from the best-fitting state-space model (Eqs. 1–4). A, retention term of the internal model, fixed to be identical for each hand; BR, adaptation rate for the internal model of the right-hand state; BL, transfer rate for the internal model of the left-hand state (both BR and BL are updated with the visual error from right-hand movement trials); RMS, root mean square error between the model and the actual time series; r, correlation coefficient for the model; BIC, Bayesian information criterion; AIC, Akaike information criterion (in 1,000s); 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.