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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Dec 8.
Published in final edited form as: Pharmacogenomics. 2010 Apr;11(4):475–479. doi: 10.2217/pgs.10.22

Figure 1. Functional genomic and clinical studies of membrane transporter variants.

Figure 1

Experiments are conducted to characterize and identify functional variants in membrane transporters in the (a) coding region and (b) noncoding region including (c) variants that associate with expression levels of transporters in various tissues. The relevant functional transporter variants are translated clinically or by candidate gene studies to demonstrate differences in (d) drug response and toxicity, (e) drug level and (f) levels of various biomarkers found in serum. In recent years, genomewide and candidate gene studies have identified many membrane transporter variants that are associated with various phenotypes (d to f).