Figure 1.
Literature providing evidence in support of an association between antibiotic use in food animals and antibiotic-resistant bacteria in humans
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cFunk JA, Lejeune JT, Wittum TE, Rajala-Shultz PJ. The effect of subtherapeutic chlortetracycline on antimicrobial resistance in the fecal flora of swine. Microb Drug Resist 2006;12:210-8.
dHarada K, Asai T, Ozawa M, Kojima A, Takahashi T. Farm-level impact of therapeutic antimicrobial use on antimicrobial-resistant populations of Escherichia coli isolates from pigs. Microb Drug Resist 2008;14:239-44.
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fSapkota AR, Curriero FC, Gibson KE, Schwab KJ. Antibiotic-resistant enterococci and fecal indicators in surface water and groundwater impacted by a concentrated swine feeding operation. Environ Health Perspect 2007;115:1040-5.
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iCui S, Ge B, Zheng J, Meng J. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella serovars in organic chickens from Maryland retail stores. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005;71:4108-11.
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lParveen S, Taabodi M, Schwarz JG, Oscar TP, Harter-Dennis J, White DG. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella recovered from processed poultry. J Food Prot 2007;70:2466-72.
mFein D, Burton G, Tsutakawa R, Blenden D. Matching of antibiotic resistance patterns of Escherichia coli of farm families and their animals. J Infect Dis 1974;130:274-9.
nBezanson GS, Khakhria R, Bollegraaf E. Nosocomial outbreak caused by antibiotic-resistant strain of Salmonella typhimurium acquired from dairy cattle. Can Med Assoc J 1983;128:426-7.
oRamchandani M, Manges AR, DebRoy C, Smith SP, Johnson JR, Riley LW. Possible animal origin of human-associated multidrug-resistant, uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Clin Infect Dis 2005;40:251-7.
pSmith TC, Male MJ, Harper AL, Kroeger JS, Tinkler GP, Moritz ED, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain ST398 is present in midwestern U.S. swine and swine workers. PLoS One 2009;4:e4258.
qEndtz HP, Ruijs GJ, van Klingeren B, Jansen WH, van der Reyden T, Mouton RP. Quinolone resistance in campylobacter isolated from man and poultry following the introduction of fluoroquinolones in veterinary medicine. J Antimicrob Chemother 1991;27:199-208.
rEngberg J, Aarestrup FM, Taylor DE, Gerner-Smidt P, Nachamkin I. Quinolone and macrolide resistance in Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli: resistance mechanisms and trends in human isolates [published erratum appears in Emerg Infect Dis 2001;7:491]. Emerg Infect Dis 2001;7:24-34.
sUnicomb LE, Ferguson J, Stafford RJ, Ashbolt R, Kirk MD, Becker NG, et al. Low-level fluoroquinolone resistance among Campylobacter jejuni isolates in Australia. Clin Infect Dis 2006;42:1368-74.
tGupta A, Fontana J, Crowe C, Bolstorff B, Stout A, Van Duyne S, et al. Emergence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enteric serotype Newport infections resistant to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins in the United States. J Infect Dis 2003;188:1707-16.
uAubry-Damon H, Grenet K, Sall-Ndiaye P, Che D, Cordeiro E, Bougnoux ME, et al. Antimicrobial resistance in commensal flora of pig farmers. Emerg Infect Dis 2004;10:873-9.
vLewis HC, Mølbak K, Reese C, Aarestrup FM, Selchau M, Sørum M, et al. Pigs as source of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus CC398 infections in humans, Denmark. Emerg Infect Dis 2008;14:1383-9.
wJohnson JR, Sannes MR, Croy C, Johnston B, Clabots C, Kuskowski MA, et al. Antimicrobial drug-resistant Escherichia coli from humans and poultry products, Minnesota and Wisconsin, 2002–2004. Emerg Infect Dis 2007;13:838-46.
VRE = vancomycin-resistant enterococci
E. coli = Escherichia coli
MRSA = methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
MRSA CC398 = methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clonal complex 398