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Learning curves of (a) DRA-painted and (b) exDRA-painted bees. (a) The DRA-painted bees did not learn CS+ throughout the trials. (b) The exDRA-painted bees exhibited leaning performance after the fifth conditioning trial. The asterisk indicates the point when the effect of conditioning was found by the change point analysis. 1–15, number of each conditioning trial; T, test trial. Black circles, CS+; white circles, CS−.
