Enforced expression of miR-26a transforms normal ASMCs to hypertrophic phenotype. A, structure of the pSilencer-miR-26a construct contains pre-miR-26a, cytomegalovirus promoter (CMV), simian virus 40 (SV40), and neomycin. The blue letters represent two restriction sites, BamHI and HindIII. The red letters indicate 22 bases of mature miR-26a sequence. The underlined letters represent the 77-bp stem-loop sequence. The green letters indicate the 100-bp native flank sequence to both upstream and downstream of the stem loop sequence. B, ASMCs of Des+/+ mice were transfected with pSilencer or pSilencer-miR-26a and/or anti-miR-26a. Thirty-six hours after transfection, the overexpression of pre-miR-26a and mature miR-26a were confirmed by solution hybridization methods. Cell size (C), protein synthesis (D), protein/DNA ratio (E), smooth muscle-specific contractile proteins (F), proliferation (G), and DNA synthesis (H) were determined 72 h after transfection. Gel pictures are representative of three separate experiments. Each bar indicates mean ± S.E. (error bars) (n = 3). *, p < 0.05.