Table 2.

NEWWS LFA program impacts on targeted and non-targeted outcomes, by site.

	Atlanta	Grand Rapids	Riverside	Significance of Cross-Site Differencesa
Employment
Any employment	0.01† (0.03)	0.06* (0.03)	0.09† (0.05)
Number of quarters employed	1.42* (0.66)	2.49** (0.67)	2.11** (0.74)
Longest spell of employment  (quarters)	1.50* (0.64)	2.24** (0.62)	1.12 0.70
Quarterly earnings ($1,000)	4.02 (2.68)	7.42* (3.29)	5.84† (3.26)
Any sustained job loss	−0.09† (0.05)	0.02 (0.05)	0.17** (0.06)
Number of sustained job losses	−0.14 (0.13)	−0.01 (0.16)	0.48** 0.14)	**
Intended derivatives of employment
Average quarterly welfare  receipt ($1,000)	− 0.03 (0.03)	−0.08* (0.04)	−0.06** (0.04)	*
Quarterly income ($1,000)	2.68 (2.16)	2.52 (3.03)	−0.07 (3.32)
Nonparental child care type
Only center care	− 0.98 (4.20)	0.06 (3.73)	−7.12* (2.89)
Only home-based	3.30 (4.59)	0.47 (5.75)	9.12 (5.71)
Non-targeted outcomes
Maternal depression	0.17 (0.67)	−0.50 (0.92)	1.92* (0.82)
Maternal parenting aggravation	− 0.17 (0.24)	0.14 (0.27)	0.39 (0.27)
Child behavior
Problem behavior	− 0.27* (0.12)	−0.10 (0.11)	0.23* (0.10)	**
Positive social behavior	0.19† (0.11)	−0.11 (0.12)	−0.03 (0.11)

Notes: Standard errors shown in parentheses. NEWWS five-year follow-up data were used in the analysis. Administrative data were used to assess all employment and income variables. Behavioral outcomes are measured by teacher report. Baseline covariates included in all models are earnings in year prior to RA divided by 1,000, earnings squared in year prior to RA divided by 1,000, time on AFDC, high school diploma, parent 18 or under at child’s birth, never married, separated, number of kids, black, white, Latino, length of follow-up, employed in year prior to RA, age of youngest child, and child gender.

^aTwo-tailed H tests used to test the equality of program impacts across the three sites.

^†p < 0.10

^*p < 0.05

^**p < 0.01.