Table 5.

Results of IV models predicting child problem behavior using implementation feature-by-treatment instruments for sustained job loss and alternative pathways.

	Child Problem Behavior
	IV 3a	IV 3b	IV 3c
Number of sustained job losses	0.93† (0.52)	0.59† (0.33)	0.73† (0.38)
F-statistic (first stage)	6.12**	6.12**	6.12**
Any employment	−2.66 (2.58)
F-statistic (first stage)	3.32†
Longest spell of employment (quarters)		−0.07 (0.06)
F-statistic (first stage)		7.30**
Average quarterly welfare receipt ($1000)			2.22 (2.11)
F-statistic (first stage)			3.18*
Instruments (#):
Implementation features-by-treatment  status (2)	X	X	X

Note: Standard errors shown in parentheses. F-statistics and partial R²s are for the instruments in the first stage. IV models 3a–c include two endogenous variables (number of sustained job losses controlling for any employment, longest spell of employment, or average quarterly welfare receipt) and two office-level characteristics (emphasis on quick job entry and caseload size) as instruments. Baseline covariates included in all models are earnings in year prior to RA divided by 1,000, earnings squared in year prior to RA divided by 1,000, time on AFDC, high school diploma, parent 18 or under at child’s birth, never married, separated, number of kids, black, white, Latino, length of follow-up, employed in year prior to RA, age of youngest child, and child gender.

^†p < 0.10

^*p < 0.05

^**p < 0.01.