Figure 4. The projected Phinda elephant population as family groups and divided into age classes represented as absolute numbers under different immunocontraception scenarios.

The age classes are classified as 0–2 years: infant, 2–4 years: juvenile, 5–8 years: intermediate, 9–12 years: sub-adults, older than 13 years are classified as an adult. Independent adult bulls born into family groups are presented by white bars (with only two age classes), while all the individuals in the family groups are represented by the black bars which include males <13 years. (a). The Phinda elephant population in 2006 before any effects of immunocontraception had taken affect. The projected Phinda elephant population in 2026, (b). without any application of immunocontraception. (c). with a rotational application of immunocontraception, as the current Phinda implemented immunocontraception plan.