Figure 3. Contour maps of population-level clypeal melanin pigmentation in different groups of wasps.

Each contour line represents the percentage of wasps in the population with pigment present in that region of the clypeus. These maps demonstrate that in general pigmentation is most common in central area of the face, that different locations have dramatically different population level patterns of pigmentation, and that workers tend to have less complex patterns than foundresses. Number of photographs used to create the contour maps: a) 42, b) 132, c) 87, d) 147), e) 425), f) 384.