Table 1. Participant characteristics.
| Characteristic | Men (n = 121) | Women (n = 93) |
| Age (yrs) | 60.4±10.4 | 59.5±10.3 |
| Hispanic (%) | 47.9 | 37.8 |
| Education | ||
| High school diploma or GED | 34.7 | 41.9 |
| Some college or technical school | 35.5 | 30.1 |
| Bachelor's or graduate degree | 29.8 | 28.0 |
| Smoking status (%) | ||
| Never | 33.1 | 48.4* |
| Former | 51.2 | 34.4 |
| Current | 15.7 | 17.2 |
| Diabetes (%) | 14.1 | 5.4* |
| Hypertension (%) | 31.4 | 28.0 |
| Coronary calcium score (%) | ||
| 0 | 34.7 | 62.4* |
| 0.01–99 | 28.9 | 23.7 |
| 100–399 | 19.0 | 8.6 |
| ≥400 | 17.4 | 5.4 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 122±15 | 119±22 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 75±8 | 65±10† |
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 62±10 | 63±9 |
| HRT use (%) | — | 43.0 |
| Statin use (%) | 14.9 | 11.8 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 43.6±11.9 | 53.9±12.8† |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 120.5±28.2 | 115.2±28.3 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/l) | 1.42 (0.70–2.96) | 2.99 (1.43–7.24)† |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.8±4.2 | 28.9±5.4 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 100.8±11.5 | 97.2±14.1† |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.097±0.064 | 0.090±0.073† |
| Pericardial fat (cm3) | 105.2±57.5 | 71.9±31.3† |
| Pericardial fat index (cm3/g) | 0.59±0.32 | 0.55±0.23 |
| Left ventricular mass (g) | 183.2±35.3 | 132.0±29.0† |
| Resting MBF (ml/min/g) | 0.93±0.19 | 1.12±0.23† |
| Hyperemic MBF (ml/min/g) | 2.65±0.72 | 3.49±0.76† |
| Perfusion reserve | 2.93±0.89 | 3.19±0.78* |
| Resting RPP (beats/min mmHg) | 0.90±0.17 | 0.92±0.25 |
| Hyperemic RPP (beats/min mmHg) | 1.06±0.23 | 1.12±0.30 |
| Resting CVR (mmHg/ml/min/g) | 110.98±23.00 | 85.73±16.85† |
| Hyperemic CVR (mmHg/ml/min/g) | 37.85±12.33 | 27.11±9.85† |
Table values are mean ± SD or median (interquartile range). Significant gender difference,
*p<0.05,
†
p<0.0001.
BMI = body mass index; CVR = coronary vascular resistance; HRT = hormone replacement therapy; HDL = high-density lipoprotein; LDL = low-density lipoprotein; MBF = myocardial blood flow; RPP = rate-pressure product.