Table 1.
Patient Characteristics by Pharmacy Type
| Entire Sample (n = 100,298) | Local KPNC Pharmacy Use Only (n = 71,019) | Mail Order PharmacyUse (n = 29,279) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Female (%) | 51.8 | 50.7 | 54* |
| Age (Mean) | 61 | 61 | 63* |
| <40 (%) | 3.9 | 4.4 | 2.6* |
| 40-49 (%) | 14.3 | 15.5 | 11.2* |
| 50-59 (%) | 28.4 | 28.8 | 27.3* |
| 60-69 (%) | 26.3 | 25.0 | 29.4* |
| 70-79 (%) | 19.1 | 18.5 | 20.5* |
| 80+ (%) | 8.1 | 7.7 | 9.0* |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| White, non-Latino (%) | 51.7 | 45.3 | 67.2* |
| African American, non-Latino (%) | 7.0 | 8.6 | 3.0* |
| Latino (%) | 8.0 | 9.5 | 4.4* |
| Asian (%) | 11.9 | 12.9 | 9.6* |
| Native American (%) | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.3* |
| Mixed-race (%) | 3.7 | 4.1 | 2.8* |
| Missing race (%) | 17.2 | 19.1 | 12.8* |
| Mean home to local pharmacy distance in miles (SD) | 8 (16) | 8 (16) | 9 (18)* |
| Block Group Census Variables | |||
| Mean Household Income ($) | $63,069 | $61,363 | $67,202* |
| Percent in Poverty (%) | 7.6 | 8.1 | 6.5* |
| Percent with at Least a High School Education (%) | 83.6 | 82.3 | 86.2* |
| Percent with at Least a Bachelor’s Degree (%) | 30.7 | 29.2 | 34.5* |
| Clinical Characteristics | |||
| Mean LDL 12–6 months pre-statin (SD) | 130 mg/dL (36) | 130 mg/dL (36) | 130 mg/dL (35) |
| Mean LDL 6–0 months pre-statin (SD) | 147 mg/dL (39) | 147 mg/dL (39) | 147 mg/dL (38) |
| Mean number of comorbidities1 (SD) | 0.66 (0.88) | 0.66 (0.88) | 0.66 (0.89) |
| Has cardiovascular equivalents2 (%) | 38.3 | 39.7 | 34.6* |
| Using medication for depression (%) | 21.9 | 20.9 | 24.4* |
| Using nonformulary medication (%) | 5.5 | 5.4 | 5.7 |
| New medication is brand-name (%) | 3.5 | 3.3 | 4.1* |
| Mean Number of Primary Care Visits in Year Prior to Index Date | 4.08 (4.52) | 4.15 (4.62) | 3.92 (4.27)* |
| Medication Days Supply of 1st Refill | |||
| 1-30 days (%) | 5.6 | 5.8 | 4.9* |
| 31-60 days (%) | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.8 |
| 61-90 days (%) | 14.8 | 15.3 | 13.7* |
| >90 days (%) | 76.7 | 75.9 | 78.6* |
| Total Medication Days Supply in the 15-Month Period Following the Index Date (Range = 1,525) | |||
| Mean (SD) | 398 (140) | 374 (145) | 456 (104)* |
| Median | 430 | 400 | 500 |
| Total # of Refills in the 15-Month Period Following the Index Date (Range = 19) | |||
| Mean (SD) | 3 (2) | 3 (2) | 4 (1)* |
| Median | 4 | 3 | 4 |
| Length of Follow-up, Index Date to Post-Period LDL Date (Range = 363) | |||
| Mean (SD) | 319 (98) | 313 (101) | 334 (90)* |
| Median | 339 | 332 | 353 |
| Mean Statin Adherence in the 15 -Month Period Following the Index Date (SD) | 77.2 (24.5) | 72.9 (25.9) | 87.8 (16.4)* |
| Mean Statin Adherence during Follow-up (SD) | 80.6 (23.5) | 76.7 (25.2) | 90.0 (15.0)* |
| Insurance Characteristics | |||
| Part D group coverage (%) | 9.6 | 9.6 | 9.8 |
| Part D individual coverage (%) | 11.2 | 9.4 | 15.4* |
| Non-Medicare coverage (%) | 79.2 | 81.1 | 74.8* |
| Financial incentive for mail-order use (%) | 21.8 | 18.3 | 30.4* |
*Difference between mail order and local pharmacy use is statistically significant (p-value < 0.001)
1Comorbidities counted are atrial fibrillation, osteoarthritis, depression, congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), renal failure/insufficiency, and smoking
2Dichotomous variable that equals one if patient has diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease (CAD), or stroke; equals zero otherwise