Table 1.

Relevant molecular targets involved in Leishmania antimony resistance.

	DNA amplification	RNA overexpression	RNA lowered expression	Functional cloning/ transfection	In vitro selected mutants	Field isolates	References
MRPA	++++	++++		+	yes	yes	[21, 56, 83, 88, 93–95, 97, 98]
GCS	+++	+++	+ [69]		yes	yes	[56, 57, 69, 83
ODC	++	+++	+ [69]			yes	[57, 69, 86
Tryr	+					yes	[104]
Trper				++	+	yes	[105–107]
AQP1			++++	+	yes	yes	[61, 62, 69, 72]
LmACR2				+	yes	yes	[63]

The number of “+” signs is relative to the importance of the mechanism. For GCS and ODC, RNA-lowered expression is found only in one survey.

MRPA: multidrug resistance related protein A.

GCS: gammaglutamylcystein synthase.

ODC: ornithine decarboxylase.

Tryr: trypanothione reductase.

Trper: tryparedoxin perxydase.

AQP1: aquaglyceroporin1.

LmACR2: Leishmania major antimony-arsenite reductase.