Table 2.

Summary of controlled clinical trials of topical application of diltiazem in chronic anal fissure healing

S no.	References	No of patients	Diltiazem treated group	Control	Remarks	Duration of study period
1.	Carapeti et al. [15]	30	2% diltiazem topical—28%	Oral diltiazem (60 mg)-21%; 0.1% bethanechol—24%	Comparable	8 weeks
2.	Jonas et al. [16]	50	26/50	24/50 (60 mg oral diltiazem)	Effective than control	8 weeks
3.	Kocher et al. [17]	60	31/60. 41% healing	29/60. 46% healing (GTN)	Comparable	8 weeks
4.	Bielecki et al. [18]	43	22/43. 86% healing	21/43. 85% healing (GTN)	Comparable	8 weeks
5.	Shrivastava et al. [19]	90	Diltiazem ointment (2%)	GTN ointment (0.2%)	Effective than GTN	Assessed monthly and then after 3 months