Table 2.
Case-control comparison in a population of neonates with GA ≥37 weeks and born through MSAF. Cases are severe MAS (i.e., treated by mechanical ventilation and/or continuous positive airway pressure). Paired neonates without respiratory symptoms are controls.
| Cases n = 89 | Controls n = 267 | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics of the mother | |||
| Age (years) | 29.7 ± 5.8 | 28.9 ± 5.2 | 0.23 |
| Nulliparity (%) | 59.5 | 58.1 | 0.80 |
| Past history of CSa (%) | 7.95 | 7.87 | 0.97 |
|
| |||
| Characteristics of pregnancy | |||
| Multiple pregnancy (%) | 0 | 1.5 | 0.24 |
| Insufficient followup care (%) | 8.99 | 0.75 | <0.0001 |
| Smoking (%) | 21.6 | 18.5 | 0.52 |
| Hypertension or preeclampsia (%) | 2.28 | 4.91 | 0.28 |
| Oligohydramnios (%) | 4.5 | 3.4 | 0.62 |
| Antenatal diagnosis of IUGRb (%) | 1.12 | 2.64 | 0.40 |
| Gestational diabetes (%) | 2.28 | 6.0 | 0.16 |
| Clinical chorioamnionitis (%) | 0 | 0 | 1.0 |
| GBSc vaginal carriage (%) | 12.9 | 9.4 | 0.35 |
| Placenta praevia (%) | 0 | 0 | 1.0 |
| Placental abruption (%) | 0 | 0 | 1.0 |
|
| |||
| Characteristics of delivery | |||
| Cord abnormalities | 23.6 | 26.7 | 0.53 |
| PROMd (>12 hr) | 4.6 | 9.7 | 0.13 |
| Antenatal steroid therapy | 2.2 | 0 | 0.25 |
|
| |||
| Birth place: | |||
| Level I (%) | 16.8 | 11.2 | |
| Level II (%) | 49.5 | 77. | |
| Level III (%) | 33.7 | 11.2 | <0.0001 |
| Day time delivery (%) | 56.2 | 42.6 | 0.02 |
| Induction of labor (%) | 27.0 | 28.1 | 0.83 |
|
| |||
| Meconium in amniotic fluid | <0.0001 | ||
| Thin (%) | 33.7 | 76.4 | |
| Moderate (%) | 55.1 | 22.8 | |
| Thick (%) | 11.2 | 0.78 | |
| Amnioinfusion (%) | 7.9 | 1.9 | 0.0067 |
|
| |||
| Fetal Heart Rate (FHR): | |||
| Tachycardia (%) | 17.2 | 4.5 | 0.0001 |
| Bradycardia (%) | 49.4 | 32.9 | 0.0057 |
|
| |||
| Presentation: | |||
| Cephalic (%) | 95.5 | 97.4 | |
| Breech (%) | 3.4 | 1.9 | 0.37 |
| Other (%) | 1.1 | 0.7 | |
|
| |||
| Anesthesia | |||
| (i) Spinal (%) | 14.6 | 9.4 | |
| (ii) Epidural (%) | 69.7 | 67.0 | |
| (iii) General (%) | 2.2 | 3.0 | 0.29 |
| (iv) No anesthesia (%) | 13.5 | 20.6 | |
|
| |||
| Mode of Delivery | |||
| CS (%) | 37.2 | 20.2 | |
| Vaginal with manoeuvres (%) | 17.9 | 17.9 | |
| Vaginal without manoeuvres (%) | 44.9 | 61.9 | 0.004 |
| Obstetrical aspiration (%) | 5.6 | 3 | |
|
| |||
| Characteristics of neonates | |||
| Sex ratio (% male) | 47.2 | 48.3 | 0.85 |
| Mean birthweight (g) (±SD) | 3388 (±549) | 3329 (±476) | 0.33 |
| BWe<10th perc. (%) | 19.1 | 13.8 | |
| BW ≥10th perc. ≤ 90th perc. (%) | 67.4 | 77.6 | |
| BW >90th perc. (%) | 13.5 | 8.6 | 0.15 |
| Apgar at 1 min ≤3 (%) | 51.7 | 1.1 | <0.0001 |
| Apgar at 5 min ≤5 (%) | 32.5 | 0.0 | <0.0001 |
| Tracheal aspiration at birth (%) | 80.9 | 8.2 | <0.0001 |
|
| |||
| First care: | <0.0001 | ||
| Pediatrician (%) | 73.4 | 28.5 | |
| Midwife (%) | 23.6 | 71.5 | |
aCS: Cesarean section, bIUGR: Intrauterine growth restriction, cGBS: Group B Streptococcus, dPROM: prolonged rupture of membranes (>12 hours), eBW: birth weight.