Table 1.
Female MG outcomes after developmental environmental exposures: rodent–human concordance for selected agents.
| Human study MG outcomes | Animal study MG outcomes | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Environmental factor | Development | Lactation | Cancer risk | Development | Lactation | Cancer susceptibility | ||||||
| Hormonal milieu: dosing (animals) or surrogates (humans) | Δ | Δ | Δ | Δ | Δ (EE2-dams),a — (EE2-offspring)b | Δ | ||||||
| DES | Δc | Δ | Δ (Dams) | Δ | ||||||||
| Genistein/soy | Δ | Δ | Δ | Δ (Dams) | ||||||||
| Δ (Offspring) | Δ | |||||||||||
| DDT/DDE | Δc | Δ | Δ | – (Dams) | ||||||||
| Dioxins/furans | Δ | Δd | Δ | Δ (Dams) | Δ | |||||||
| Abbreviations: —, no effect on this end point; Δ, at least one study has reported an association between the exposure and altered outcomes [see details and citations in Supplemental Material, Table 2 (doi:10.1289/ehp.1002864)]; DDE, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene; DDT, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane; DMBA, dimethylbenzanethrene; EE2, ethinylestradiol. Examples of concordance between rodents and humans for MG effects are included here. In some cases, findings are mixed or conflicting; in human studies, exposure measures are often imprecise. aLactation effect in animals dosed continuously or during pregnancy and/or lactation. bLactation effect in animals dosed only in utero and/or preweaning. cConflicting findings. dExposure may not have been during early life/development. | ||||||||||||