Table 2.
MG as a sensitive end point of endocrine disruption after developmental exposures in rodents.
| Compound | Study | Species, exposure timing | MG effect typeb | MG effect LOEL | Basis for inclusionc | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Females | ||||||||||
| BPA | Jenkins et al. 2009 | Rat, postnatal (lactation) | Proliferationd | 250 μg/kg/day | No effects on age of VO, body weight, serum progesterone, or serum estradiol at 250 μg/kg/day (highest dose tested) | |||||
| Murray et al. 2007 | Rat, prenatal | Hyperplasiae | 2.5 μg/kg/day | No effects on body weight, age of VO, litter size, or sex ratio at this or higher doses (2.5–1,000 μg/kg/day). | ||||||
| Muñoz-de-Toro et al. 2005 | Mouse, perinatal | Morphologyf, proliferationd | 25 ng/kg/day | No effects on plasma estradiol at first proestrus at this or higher dose (250 ng/kg/day) | ||||||
| DDT | Brown and Lamartiniere 1995 | Rat, peripubertal | Proliferationd | 50 ng/kg/day | Single-dose study; no effects on body weight or uterine-ovarian weight | |||||
| Genistein | Fritz et al. 1998 | Rat, prenatal and postnatal | Morphologyf | 25 mg/kg/day | No effects on body weight, uterine weight, AGD, estrous cyclicity, or age at VO at this or higher dose (250 mg/kg/day) | |||||
| Padilla-Banks et al. 2006 | Mouse, neonatal | Morphologyf | 0.5 mg/kg/day | Effects on ability to deliver live pups and estrous cyclicity at 50 mg/kg/day (but not at either 0.5 or 5 mg/kg/day) | ||||||
| Males | ||||||||||
| Genistein | Delclos et al. 2001 | Rat, prenatal and postnatal | Sizeg; hyperplasiae | 25 ppm | Effects on ventral prostate weight, pituitary weight, age of eye opening and age of ear unfolding at 1,250 ppm | |||||
| Abbreviations: AGD, anogenital distance; LOEL, lowest observed effect level. aFor inclusion, a study must have assessed other end points in addition to MG; findings are based on statistically significant effects observed. bAll effects are relative to negative controls; effects on protein or gene expression are omitted. For more detail, see Supplemental Material, Table 1 (doi:10.1289/ehp.1002864). cSee articles for further study methods and results. dChanges in markers of proliferation/mitotic activity (e.g., cell cycle marker proliferating cell nuclear antigen, cell number). eChanges in numbers or sizes of hyperplastic structures. fChanges in numbers/ratios of structures, branching, and so on for given developmental stage. gChanges in the area or weight of gland. | ||||||||||