Table 2.
Trends in Comorbid Conditions among Patients with Heart Failure
| Variable | 1988–1994 (n = 581) | 1999–2002 (n = 280) | 2003–2008 (n = 534) | Change, 1988–2008 (95% CI) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MI | 58.8 (3.3) | 46.5 (3.3) | 47.7 (3.1) | −11.2 (−20.3-−2.0) | .02 |
| Angina | NAb | 38.7 (3.8) | 26.9 (2.7) | −11.9 (−12.1-−2.6)c | .01c |
| Stroke | 17.6 (2.1) | 16.6 (2.6) | 19.4 (2.4) | 1.8 (−4.8–8.4) | .59 |
| Diabetesa | 24.7 (2.7) | 29.3 (2.9) | 38.3 (2.3) | 13.6 (6.4–20.7) | <.001 |
| Blood pressure (BP) | |||||
| Hypertensiona | 67.8 (2.5) | 71.2 (3.7) | 73.3 (2.2) | 5.5 (−1.1–12.1) | .10 |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 141.7 (1.1) | 131.7 (1.8) | 130.6 (1.3) | −11.2 (−14.5-−7.8) | <.001 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 73.1 (1.1) | 66.9 (1.5) | 65.9 (0.7) | −7.2 (−9.9-−4.5) | <.001 |
| Cholesterol | |||||
| Hypercholesterolemiaa | 41.3 (3.0) | 49.3 (3.9) | 53.5 (2.8) | 12.2 (5.0–19.4) | .001 |
| LDL cholesterold (mg/dL) | 139.2 (3.1) | 116.7 (5.1) | 105.3 (4.6) | −33.9 (−44.9-−22.8) | <.001 |
| HDL cholesterol <40 mg/dL | 35.1 (2.9) | 34.0 (3.8) | 25.8 (2.2) | −9.2 (−16.6-−1.8) | .02 |
| Obesity | |||||
| Obesitya | 32.8 (2.5) | 40.3 (4.7) | 46.8 (2.5) | 13.9 (7.5–20.4) | <.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.3 (0.3) | 30.0 (0.8) | 31.1 (0.4) | 2.8 (1.8–3.7) | <.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | |||||
| Women | 95.9 (1.2) | 102.6 (1.9) | 105.5 (1.2) | 9.6 (6.1–12.1) | <.001 |
| Men | 102.0 (1.0) | 105.1 (1.2) | 109.2 (1.4) | 7.2 (3.7–10.7) | <.001 |
| High-risk waist circumferencea | 57.6 (3.4) | 73.0 (2.9) | 75.7 (2.7) | 18.0 (8.5–27.6) | <.001 |
| Kidney function | |||||
| Kidney diseasea | 34.7 (2.9) | 41.2 (3.6) | 45.9 (2.1) | 11.2 (4.2–18.3) | .002 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.10 (0.06) | 1.29 (0.09) | 1.23 (0.04) | 0.13 (0.00–0.26) | .06 |
| Creatinine >2 mg/dL | 4.6 (1.8) | 6.9 (1.8) | 7.4 (1.0) | 2.8 (−1.2–6.7) | .17 |
| Anemiaa | 15.3 (2.7) | 15.0 (1.8) | 22.2 (2.7) | 6.9 (−0.6–14.5) | .07 |
| Asthma | 18.0 (2.5) | 16.8 (2.7) | 24.6 (1.9) | 6.6 (0.3–12.9) | .04 |
| Arthritis | 60.4 (2.9) | 68.5 (3.3) | 62.0 (2.4) | 1.6 (−5.4–8.6) | .65 |
| COPD | 26.2 (2.8) | 26.8 (2.9) | 30.9 (2.3) | 4.8 (−2.5–12.1) | .20 |
| Cancer | 21.5 (2.5) | 29.3 (2.8) | 24.4 (2.0) | 2.9 (−3.6–9.4) | .38 |
| Thyroid disease | 9.9 (1.5) | 15.2 (2.8) | 22.9 (1.9) | 13.0 (8.3–17.7) | .001 |
| Osteoporosis | 4.9 (1.2) | 13.6 (3.1) | 16.4 (2.5) | 11.5 (5.9–17.1) | .001 |
BMI = body mass index; CI = confidence interval; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HDL = high-density lipoprotein; LDL = low-density lipoprotein; MI = myocardial infarction.
All variables are in weighted % or mean (standard error).
a
See “Materials and Methods” for definitions.
b
Data not available because data collection methods differed substantially from methods in subsequent years.
c
Comparison is for 1999–2002 vs 2003–2008.
d
Calculated for fasting subsample only (n = 271 in 1988–1994, n = 105 in 1999–2002, n = 136 in 2003–2008).