Table 3.
Multivariate model showing regression coefficients (b scores), significance (***), direction of effects (+ or −), and variance explained (designated as %) for five demographics, eight risk factors, and nine religion variables predicting each of five alcohol milestones.
| Variable | Alcohol onset b or % | Intoxication b or % | Regular use b or % | Heavy use b or % | Alcohol dependence b or % |
| Block 1 | |||||
| Father's education | 0.48 | 0.61* | 0.78** | 0.30 | 0.46 |
| Father's education data missing | 0.95 | 0.34 | 0.52 | 0.33 | 0.48 |
| Mother's education | 0.27 | −0.01 | 0.36 | 0.13 | 0.23 |
| Mother's education data missing | −0.29 | −0.01 | 0.37 | 0.11 | −0.34 |
| Higher income | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.34** | 0.12 | 0.34* |
| Lower income | −0.40* | −0.40*** | −0.13 | −0.13 | 0.05 |
| Offspring age | 1.50*** | 1.07*** | 1.14*** | 0.83*** | 0.16 |
| Variance explained | 10.7% | 9.1% | 11.2% | 5.6% | 2.8% |
| Block 2 | |||||
| ADHD | 0.26 | 0.09 | −0.28* | 0.06 | 0.14 |
| ODD | −0.21 | −0.02 | 0.20 | 0.16 | 0.01 |
| CD | 1.67*** | 0.94*** | 0.73*** | 0.61*** | 1.09*** |
| MDD | 0.25 | 0.22* | 0.40*** | 0.50*** | 0.70*** |
| Trauma | 0.21 | 0.35*** | 0.34*** | 0.31*** | 0.58*** |
| Parenting inconsistencies | 0.28* | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.17* | 0.18 |
| Parent-child arguments | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.03 |
| Parental divorce/separation | 0.31* | 0.25* | 0.19* | 0.21* | 0.26* |
| Variance explained | 4.2% | 3.5% | 3.4% | 4.8% | 9.0% |
| Block 3 | |||||
| Existential well-being | 0.02 | −0.01 | −0.02 | −0.05 | −0.38** |
| Attendance weekly + | −1.62*** | −1.25*** | −0.81*** | −0.97*** | −0.61*** |
| Motivation—devotion | −0.30 | −0.32** | −0.42*** | −0.51*** | −0.22 |
| Childhood religion | −0.18 | −0.54*** | −0.44*** | −0.38** | −0.24 |
| Differentiating affiliation | 0.27 | 0.13 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.48* |
| Accommodating affiliation | 0.90*** | 0.29 | 0.35* | 0.37* | 0.19 |
| Catholic religion | 1.24*** | 0.82*** | 0.70*** | 0.70*** | 0.34 |
| No religion | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) |
| Religious rules | −0.01 | −0.09 | −0.14 | 0.01 | −0.04 |
| Variance explained | 14.9% | 15.6% | 11.3% | 12.0% | 2.4% |
| Total variance (all blocks) | 29.8% | 28.2% | 25.9% | 22.4% | 14.2% |
Notes: Significant tests are in bold. Explained variance computed by Nagelkerke's pseudo R2 for logistic regression. ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; ODD = oppositional defiant disorder; CD = conduct disorder; MDD = major depressive disorder; ref. = reference.
*
p ≤ .05;
**
p ≤ .01;
***
p ≤ .001.