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Simplified model showed potential contributions of xanthones to cancer invasion and metastasis. Some external stimulator (PMA, TPA) induce the cell-matrix adhesion, invasion, and migration of cancer cells by upregulating MAPK kinases such as JNK or ERK1/2. Xanthones diminish the above induced effect, prevent NF-κB and AP-1 binding activity, and block their DNA binding site. Consequently, the expression of downstream genes (MMP-2, MMP-9, and u-PA) is downregulated.
