Table 2.
Multivariate Analysis of Covariance: Maternal Employment and Mothers’ Well-Being Child Aged 6 Month Through Fifth Grade
| Depressive symptoms | Health | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time period | t | r | adj M | (SE) | t | r | adj M | (SE) |
| 6 month | (F [2, 1351] = 3.79*) | (F [2, 1351] = 4.18*) | ||||||
| PT vs | 8.58 | (.45) | 3.30 | (.04) | ||||
| NE | 2.34* | [.19] | 10.04 | (.38) | −2.34* | [.17] | 3.18 | (.03) |
| FT | 0.34 | [.05] | 8.77 | (.38) | 0.02 | [.05] | 3.30 | (.03) |
| 15 month | (F [2, 1351] = 8.8***) | (F [2, 1351] = 1.00) | ||||||
| PT vs | 8.56 | (.36) | 3.17 | (.05) | ||||
| NE | 2.83* | [.18] | 10.56 | (.37) | −0.49 | [.07] | 3.14 | (.04) |
| FT | −0.41 | [.03] | 8.56 | (.36) | 0.60 | [.03] | 3.20 | (.04) |
| 36 month | (F [2, 1351] = 2.36) | (F [2, 1351] = 0.85) | ||||||
| PT vs | 9.15 | (.45) | 3.07 | (.05) | ||||
| NE | 1.37 | [.12] | 9.99 | (.40) | −0.45 | [.06] | 3.04 | (.04) |
| FT | 0.23 | [.04] | 9.29 | (.38) | 0.41 | [.00] | 3.10 | (.03) |
| 54 month | (F [2, 1351] = 7.31***) | (F [2, 1351] = 11.94***) | ||||||
| PT vs | 10.27 | (.54) | 3.11 | (.04) | ||||
| NE | 2.24* | [.15] | 11.89 | (.50) | −2.51* | [.15] | 2.97 | (.04) |
| FT | −0.51 | [.04] | 9.86 | (.47) | 1.56 | [.01] | 3.20 | (.04) |
| Grade 1 | (F [2, 1351] = 2.61) | (F [2, 1351] = 4.87*) | ||||||
| PT vs | 8.73 | (.48) | 3.20 | (.04) | ||||
| NE | 1.93 | [.13] | 10.04 | (.46) | −2.74* | [.15] | 3.04 | (.04) |
| FT | 0.64 | [.07] | 9.15 | (.42) | −0.93 | [.06] | 3.15 | (.03) |
| Grade 3 | (F [2, 1351] = 1.13) | (F [2, 1351] = 4.74*) | ||||||
| PT vs | 10.37 | (.52) | 3.22 | (.06) | ||||
| NE | −1.22 | [.02] | 9.52 | (.50) | −2.47* | [.14] | 3.06 | (.05) |
| FT | −0.58 | [.03] | 9.93 | (.45) | −0.74 | [.08] | 3.17 | (.04) |
| Grade 5 | (F [2, 1351] = 1.55) | (F [2, 1351] = 12.51***) | ||||||
| PT vs | 10.23 | (.59) | 3.14 | (.05) | ||||
| NE | −0.65 | [.02] | 9.75 | (.56) | −2.81* | [.14] | 2.93 | (.05) |
| FT | −1.32 | [.03] | 9.29 | (.34) | 0.45 | [.01] | 3.17 | (.03) |
Note. Covariates include work commitment at 1 month, employment status at previous wave, ethnicity, educational status, mother extraversion, number of children in home, child gender, child health, live-in partner, partner income. PT = part time (1-32). NE = not employed. FT = full time. #s in bracket after the t values are effect size r expressed in absolute values estimated using unadjusted means and standard deviations. #s in parentheses after the adjusted means are standard errors.
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.
***
p < .001.