Table 4.
Multivariate Analysis of Covariance: Maternal Employment and Mothers’ Parenting Child Aged 6 Month Through Fifth Grade
| Time period |
Sensitivity | Opportunities for productive learning |
School involvement | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| t | r | adj M | (SE) | t | r | adj M | (SE) | t | r | adj M | (SE) | |
| 6 month | (F [2, 1351] = 0.99) | (F [2, 1351] = 2.29) | ||||||||||
| PT vs | 77.03 | (.86) | 76.45 | (.80) | NA | |||||||
| NE | −1.16 | [.18] | 75.72 | (.70) | −1.95 | [.20] | 74.36 | (.69) | ||||
| FT | −0.93 | [.08] | 76.03 | (.65) | −1.63 | [.11] | 74.78 | (.66) | ||||
| 15 month | (F [2, 1351] = 2.10) | (F [2, 1351] = 3.90*) | ||||||||||
| PT vs | 78.24 | (.79) | 84.68 | (.82) | NA | |||||||
| NE | −1.49 | [.18] | 76.78 | (.60) | −2.49* | [.22] | 82.32 | (.58) | ||||
| FT | .05 | [.10] | 78.29 | (.57) | −0.88 | [.11] | 83.73 | (.56) | ||||
| 36 month | (F [2, 1351] = 3.15*) | (F [2, 1351] = 0.82) | ||||||||||
| PT vs | 82.54 | (.71) | 69.19 | (.93) | NA | |||||||
| NE | −1.21 | [.15] | 81.40 | (.60) | 0 .69 | [.12] | 70.06 | (.79) | ||||
| FT | −2.34* | [.16] | 80.33 | (.54) | −0.23 | [.06] | 68.90 | (.69) | ||||
| 54 month | (F [2, 1351] = 5.97**) | (F [2, 1351] = 1.48) | ||||||||||
| PT vs | 81.06 | (.76) | 87.33 | (.62) | NA | |||||||
| NE | 86.35 | (.66) | −2.89** | [.20] | 77.95 | (.71) | −1.18 | [.14] | ||||
| FT | −1.24 | [.13] | 79.85 | (.56) | −1.30 | [.08] | 86.24 | (.66) | ||||
| Grade 1 | (F [2, 1351] = 1.38) | (F [2, 1351] = 6.73***) | ||||||||||
| PT vs | 79.87 | (.77) | NA | 3.90 | (.05) | |||||||
| NE | .01 | [.08] | 79.88 | (.74) | .07 | [.10] | 3.91 | (.05) | ||||
| FT | −1.15 | [.13] | 78.73 | (.62) | −3.37** | 3.65 | (.04) | [.21] | ||||
| Grade 3 | (F [2, 1351] = 1.55) | (F [2, 1351] = 10.25***) | (F [2, 1351] = 4.65**) | |||||||||
| PT vs | 77.26 | (.80) | 71.98 | (.80) | 3.57 | (.05) | ||||||
| NE | −1.14 | [12.] | 76.01 | (.67) | −1.17 | [.17] | 70.66 | (.84) | 0.35 | [.09] | 3.60 | (.06) |
| FT | −0.30 | [.09] | 76.94 | (.52) | −4.10*** | [.25] | 67.87 | (.57) | −1.98* | [.18] | 3.45 | (.04) |
| Grade 5 | (F [2, 1351] = 1.00) | (F [2, 1351] = 5.21**) | (F [2, 1351] = 3.29*) | |||||||||
| PT vs | 78.04 | (.95) | 79.66 | (1.19) | 3.52 | (.07) | ||||||
| NE | 0.16 | [.04] | 78.23 | (.72) | −0.80 | [.15] | 78.46 | (1.23) | −0.78 | [.13] | 3.44 | (.07) |
| FT | −0.58 | [.10] | 77.44 | (.43) | −1.91 | [.19] | 76.31 | (0.67) | −1.47 | [.17] | 3.38 | (.04) |
Note. Covariates include work commitment at 1 month, employment status at previous wave, ethnicity, educational status, mother extraversion, number of children in home, child gender, child health, live-in partner, partner income. PT = part time (1-32). NE = not employed. FT = full time. #s in bracket after the t values are effect size r expressed in absolute values estimated using unadjusted means and standard deviations. #s in parentheses after the adjusted means are standard errors.
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.
***
p < .001.