Fig. 6.

Cellular model for Mn²⁺ detoxification in the liver cell. At the basolateral or sinusoidal membrane of liver or WIF-B cell, Mn²⁺ is imported by a variety of mechanisms including H⁺-coupled symport by the divalent metal transporter DMT1. A basolateral pool of endosomal SPCA1 sequesters Mn²⁺ into the vesicle lumen for transcytotic delivery to the apical membrane and release into bile canaliculus. The model also proposes constitutive trafficking of SPCA1 between vesicular and Golgi/TGN compartments