Table 1. Translational Targets Unique to Immunologic Contributions to Depression.

Immunologic targets

Cytokines (eg, TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6)

Cytokine-signaling pathways (eg, COX, p38 MAPK, NF-κB)

Chemokines

T cells (eg, T regs, Th17, T effs)

Neurotransmitter targets

IDO and its metabolites (eg, KYN, QUIN, KA)

Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)

Neuroendocrine targets

Glucocorticoid receptor

Protein kinase-A

Autonomic nervous system targets

Parasympathetic outflow pathways (eg, vagal nerve stimulator, α7nAChR)

Non-pharmacologic targets

Adiposity

Diet (eg, n-3 PUFAs, Mediterranean diet)

Exercise

CAM (eg, meditation, Tai Chi, yoga)

Abbreviations: COX, cyclooxygenase; GR, glucocorticoid receptor; IL, interleukin; KA, kynurenic acid; KYN, kynurenine; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; nAChR, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor; NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB; PUFAs, polyunsaturated fatty acids; QUIN, quinolinic acid; T eff, T effector cell; Th, T helper cell; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; T reg, T regulatory cell.