Table 1.
Traumatic brain injury patient demographics, acute injury characteristics, structural neuroimaging data, and neuropsychological test data.
| Subject no. | 1047 | 3646 | 3651 | 1054 | 3652 | 3639 | 3649 | 3640 | Patient means (SD) | Control means (SD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DEMOGRAPHICS | ||||||||||
| Age (years) | 47 | 28 | 26 | 26 | 24 | 31 | 30 | 20 | 31.5 (7.2) | 27 (5) |
| Education (years) | 16 | 16 | 18 | 17 | 17 | 15 | 16 | 13 | 16.8 (1.2) | n/a |
| INJURY CHARACTERISTICS | ||||||||||
| Glasgow coma score | 14 | 6 | 3 | 9 | 7.5 | 9 | 10.5 | 13 | 8.4 (3.4) | |
| Loss of consciousness (h) | 0.017 | 96 | 120 | 26 | n/a | 5 | 168 | 60 | 142.1 (154.1) | |
| Post-traumatic amnesia (h) | 168 | 1080 | 1176 | 240 | 504 | 504 | n/a | 504 | 669 (414.0) | |
| Time since injury (years) | 3.7 | 2.7 | 1.9 | 3.7 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 2.7 | 3.1 | 2.73 (0.72) | |
| Severity classification | Mod. | Sev. | Sev. | Sev. | Sev. | Mod. | Mod. | Sev. | ||
| QUANTITATIVE STRUCTURAL IMAGING (μL × 104) | ||||||||||
| Gray matter volume | 53.4 | 60 | 60.8 | 61.4 | 62.6 | 61.8 | 62 | 63.7 | 59.9 (3.1) | 63.1 (1.6) |
| White matter volume | 42.8 | 42.4 | 43.2 | 43.3 | 42.7 | 41.5 | 41.5 | 45.2 | 42.75 (1.0) | 46.8 (1.8) |
| Total cerebral spinal fluid | 26.9 | 21.2 | 20.1 | 19.2 | 18.6 | 20.7 | 20.6 | 15.6 | 21.2 (2.6) | 16.3 (1.9) |
| SELECT NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS | ||||||||||
| Shipley institute of living scale (verbal) | 34 | 36 | 34 | 28 | 29 | 34 | 29 | 24 | 32.4 (3.2) | 30 (4) |
| Verbal fluency (# of words generated) | 47 | 33 | 53 | 49 | 51 | 35 | 45 | 42 | 44.1 (7.4) | 40 (10) |
| Symbol-digit, written (# correct) | 58 | 45 | 61 | 69 | 56 | 51 | 69 | 51 | 59.3 (8.5) | 59 (10) |
| Symbol-digit, oral (# correct) | 66 | 49 | 83 | 88 | 67 | 64 | 88 | 67 | 71.3 (13.8) | 72 (12) |
| Trail-making test (BA) | 41 | 25 | 10 | 25 | 21 | 12 | 25 | 36 | 23.5 (9.7) | 31 (15) |
| Wisconsin card test (perseverations) | 16 | 14 | 10 | 11 | 10 | 13 | 11 | 18 | 11.9 (2.2) | 20 (9) |
| Self-ordered pointing (total) | 7 | 8 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 6 | 4 | 11 | 4.6 (2.3) | 6 (4) |
Three separate control groups were used. Demographics are compared to the functional imaging control subjects (N = 10). Structural neuroimaging data are compared to age-matched healthy adults (N = 12; Levine et al., 2008). Neuropsychological data are compared to age-, education-, and socioeconomic-matched healthy adults (N = 27; Turner and Levine, 2008). Data from all three groups are included in the column “Control” in the table.