Figure 10.

Phase contrast in optical and electron microscopy. (a) Bright field (upper panel) and phase contrast (lower panel) images of a field of cells. The cells are approximately 50 μm in length. Panel (a) was provided by Maud Dumoux and Richard Hayward. (b) Schematic representation of the light microscope. (c) Schematic representation of the electron microscope for comparison, showing the major lenses. The positions of phase plates are indicated. (d) Images of GroEL taken without (upper panel) and with the phase plate (lower panel). Scale bars, 20 nm. Image (d) is reproduced with permission from ref (67). Copyright 2008 Royal Society Publishing.