Table I.

Selected examples of bacterial pathogens and host cell death

Bacteria	Factor	Function	Mechanism	Host target	Reference
Chlamydia trachomatis	CPAF	Inhibition of apoptosis	Degradation of proapoptotic proteins	BH3-only proteins	Pirbhai et al., 2006
	Unknown	Inhibition of apoptosis	Leads to mislocalizaton and prevents proapoptotic activity	Bad	Verbeke et al., 2006
EPEC	NleH	Inhibition of apoptosis	Inhibits caspase-3 activation	BI-1	Hemrajani et al., 2010
	NleD	Inhibition of apoptosis	Cleaves JNK via metalloprotease activity and inhibits JNK signaling	JNK	Baruch et al., 2011
Helicobacter pylori	CagA	Inhibition of apoptosis	Up-regulation of anti-proapoptotic protein, Mcl-1	MCL-1	Mimuro et al., 2007
	Unknown	Inhibition of apoptosis	Activates EGFR–Akt–Bcl2 antiapoptotic pathway	EGFR	Yan et al., 2009
Legionella pneumophila	SdhA	Inhibition of cell death	Inhibits mitochondrial disruption and caspase activation	Unknown	Laguna et al., 2006
	SidF	Inhibition of apoptosis	Inhibits apoptosis signaling	BNIP3, Bcl-rambo	Banga et al., 2007
	LegK1	Inhibition of cell death?	Promotes host pro-survival signal via NF-κB activation	IκBα, p100	Ge et al., 2009
	LnaB	Inhibition of cell death?	Promotes host pro-survival signal via NF-κB activation	Unknown	Losick et al., 2010
	Flagellin	Induction of pyroptosis	Induces the NAIP5–NLRC4–inflammasome–caspase-1 activation	NLRC4, NAIP5	Amer et al., 2006; Ren et al., 2006; Kofoed and Vance, 2011; Zhao et al., 2011
Mycobacterium tuberculosis	Unknown	Inhibition of apoptosis	Up-regulation of anti-proapoptotic proteins, Mcl-1 and A1	MCL-1, A1	Sly et al., 2003; Loeuillet et al., 2006; Dhiman et al., 2008
	Zmp1	Inhibition of inflammasome activation	Inhibits caspase-1 activation and IL-1β secretion	Unknown	Master et al., 2008
Salmonella Typhimurium	Flagellin, PrgJ	Induction of pyroptosis	Induces the NAIP–NLRC4–inflammasome–caspase-1 activation	NLRC4, NAIP2, NAIP5	Franchi et al., 2006; Miao et al., 2006, 2010a; Kofoed and Vance, 2011; Zhao et al., 2011
	AvrA	Inhibition of apoptosis	Modifies acetyltransferase activity toward MAPKK and inhibits JNK activation	MAPKKs	Jones et al., 2008
	SopB	Inhibition of apoptosis	Induction of host pro-survival activity	PI3K/Akt	Knodler et al., 2005; Kum et al., 2011
Shigella flexneri	Unknown	Induction of necrotic cell death	Induces mitochondrial dysfunction	BNIP3, CypD	Carneiro et al., 2009
	Unknown	Inhibit mitochondrial dysfunction	Activates Nod1–RIP2–NF-κB pro-survival signaling	Bcl2	Carneiro et al., 2009
	MxiI	Induction of pyroptosis	Induces the NLRC4–inflammasome–caspase-1 activation	NLRC4	Suzuki et al., 2007; Miao et al., 2010a
Yersinia	YopJ	Induction of apoptosis	Inhibition of NF-κB and MAPK signaling via acetyltransferase activity results in induction of apoptosis	MAPKKs, IKKβ	Monack et al., 1997, Orth et al., 1999; Mukherjee et al., 2006
	YopK	Inhibition of pyroptosis	Prevents inflammasome recognition by interacting with T3SS translocon	T3SS translocon (bacterial target)	Brodsky et al., 2010; Dewoody et al., 2011