Table 2.

Simian virus 40 incidence in malignant mesothelioma.

Study (year)	SV40 (%)	Asbestos (%)	SV40 + asbestos (%)	Source†	Techniques	Ref.
Carbone et al. (1994)	60	76	38	USA	PCR, IHC, WB, IP	[92]
Testa et al. (1998)	83	71	71	USA	PCR	[93]
Ramael et al. (1999)	60	100	60	Belgium	PRINS and IHC	[94]
Shivapurkar et al. (1999)	57	NA	NA	Germany, North America	PCR and DNA seq	[95]
De Rienzo et al. (2002)	36/0‡	NA	NA	USA, Turkey	PCR and DNA seq	[96]
Priftakis et al. (2002)	10	NA	NA	Sweden	PCR and DNA seq	[97]
Cristaudo et al. (2005)§	42	68	88	Italy	PCR, DNA seq, F-Hybri	[98]
Comar et al. (2007)¶	16	90	29	Italy	PCR and DNA seq	[79]
Zekri et al. (2007)	50	78	58	Egypt	qRT-PCR	[80]
Gordon et al. (2002)	6	NA	NA	USA	qRT-PCR	[125]
Lopez-Rios et al. (2004)	6	NA	NA	USA	PCR and DNA seq	[124]
Jin et al. (2004)	44/0#	NA	NA	Japan	PCR, DNA seq, IHC	[126]
Aoe et al. (2006)	6/0††	NA	NA	Japan	qRT-PCR	[127]
Hmeljak et al. (2010)‡‡	4/0§§	NA	NA	Slovenia	qRT-PCR and IHC	[128]
Leithner et al. (2002)	0	NA	NA	Austria	PCR	[99]
Hubner et al. (2002)	0	NA	NA	Belgium	PCR	[100]
Mayall et al. (2003)	0	NA	NA	New Zealand	qRT-PCR	[101]
Brousset et al. (2005)	0	NA	NA	France	IHC	[102]

^†Source: country of origin of the specimens tested in the study.

^‡36% of US samples and 0% of Turkish samples are SV40 DNA positive.

^§33% SV40-postive DNA in bladder urotheliomas.

^¶16.7% normal liver tissues and 12.5% kidney tissues tested positive for SV40.

^#44% positive specimens by PCR and 0% by IHC.

^††6% positive specimens by qRT-PCR and 0% by IHC.

^‡‡Croatia, South Africa, UK and USA.

^§§4% positive specimens by qRT-PCR, 0% by IHC.

DNA seq: DNA sequence analysis; F-Hybri: Filter hybridization; IHC: Immunohistochemistry; IP: Immunoprecipitation; NA: The presence of asbestos was not investigated in these studies; PRINS: Primed in situ; qRT-PCR: Quantitative real time PCR; SV40: Simian virus 40; WB: Western blotting.