Table 4.
Effects on Latent Cognition and Response Scales Estimated from Combined Vignettes and Proxy Indicator Model (Model 3)
| Latent cognition as function of test scores
|
Latent cognition of vignettes
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Orientation | 0.371 | (0.262) | |||
| Immediate memory | 0.515** | (0.259) | Vignette 1 | 0.616** | (0.253) |
| Short-term memory | 1.028*** | (0.223) | |||
| Prospective memory | 0.067 | (0.094) | |||
| Word-finding & verbal fluency | 0.781** | (0.327) | Vignette 2 | −0.615** | (0.253) |
| Processing speed | 0.252 | (0.335) | |||
| Search accuracy | 0.138 | (0.275) | |||
| Numeracy | 0.133 | (0.184) | Vignette 3 | −1.351*** | (0.255) |
| Literacy | 0.067 | (0.145) | |||
| Constant | −1.717*** | (0.607) | |||
| ση | 1.132 | (fixed) | σξ | 1.000 | (fixed) |
| Response scales identified from test scores
|
Response scales from vignettes
|
||||
| Cut-point – moderate/severe/extreme | |||||
| Age 55 to 64 | −0.092 | (0.223) | 0.000 | (0.087) | |
| Age 65 to 74 | 0.208 | (0.218) | 0.072 | (0.089) | |
| Age 75+ | 0.567** | (0.222) | 0.132 | (0.092) | |
| Female | −0.127 | (0.090) | −0.056 | (0.041) | |
| White | −0.189 | (0.377) | 0.663*** | (0.178) | |
| Log Wealth | −0.084*** | (0.025) | −0.050*** | (0.014) | |
| No wealth | −0.664* | (0.351) | −0.440** | (0.192) | |
| Qualifications 2 | −0.147 | (0.112) | −0.156*** | (0.052) | |
| Qualifications 1 | −0.134 | (0.108) | −0.061 | (0.052) | |
| Not working <65 | 0.398*** | (0.149) | −0.059 | (0.062) | |
| Cut-point – mild | |||||
| Age 55 to 64 | −0.105 | (0.152) | 0.153 | (0.118) | |
| Age 65 to 74 | 0.090 | (0.155) | 0.206* | (0.120) | |
| Age 75+ | 0.422** | (0.167) | 0.361*** | (0.128) | |
| Female | 0.017 | (0.077) | 0.006 | (0.059) | |
| White | −0.223 | (0.341) | 1.057*** | (0.191) | |
| Log Wealth | −0.013 | (0.024) | −0.021 | (0.020) | |
| No wealth | 0.208 | (0.343) | −0.580** | (0.276) | |
| A-level or above | 0.127 | (0.094) | 0.000 | (0.074) | |
| Qualification < A-level | 0.081 | (0.093) | 0.051 | (0.076) | |
| Not working <65 | 0.320*** | (0.107) | 0.095 | (0.088) | |
| Constant | 0.529 | (0.527) | 0.437 | (0.334) | |
| Log likelihood | −5178.03 | ||||
| Number of observations | 1782 | ||||
Notes: Standard errors in parenthesis. *, ** and *** indicate significance at 10 percent, 5 percent and 1 percent respectively. Coefficients are identified up to the scale parameters ση and σξ. Estimates presented are with normalization σξ = 1 and ση equal to the estimate under the null hypothesis of RC1. Inference does not depend on the chosen normalization.