| Parameter | Stunted | Wasted | Underweight |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fixed Effects | |||
| Constant | −0.87(0.141) | −1.61(0.226) | −0.52(0.146) |
| Hhold HIV Status (none +) | |||
| Mother HIV+ | 0.54(0.126)∗ | 0.34 (0.193) | 0.39(0.158)∗ |
| Other adults HIV+ | 0.32(0.141)∗ | 0.38(0.184)∗ | 0.45(0.158)∗ |
| Paternal orphan (non-orphan) | |||
| Paternal orphan | −0.13(0.067)∗ | −0.11(0.132) | −0.21(0.077)∗ |
| Age of child (<1 year) | |||
| 1 year | 1.30 (0.043)∗ | 0.19(0.058)∗ | 0.81(0.044)∗ |
| 2 years | 1.22(0.044)∗ | −0.57(0.066)∗ | 0.63(0.045)∗ |
| 3 years | 1.26(0.044)∗ | −0.94(0.071)∗ | 0.34(0.046)∗ |
| 4 years | 1.23(0.045)∗ | −1.06(0.076)∗ | 0.29(0.048)∗ |
| Mum HIV+ (<1 year, none+) | |||
| 1 year | 0.03(0.151) | −0.07(0.239) | −0.08(0.185) |
| 2 years | −0.34(0.155)∗ | −0.18(0.287) | −0.19(0.190) |
| 3 years | −0.31(0.151)∗ | −0.10(0.300) | −0.11(0.189) |
| 4 years | −0.73(0.157)∗ | −0.37(0.354) | −0.39(0.201) |
| Others in HH+ (<1 year, none+) | |||
| 1 year | −0.22(0.175) | −0.47(0.261) | −0.53(0.200)∗ |
| 2 years | −0.36(0.179)∗ | −0.40(0.313) | −0.47(0.206)∗ |
| 3 years | −0.57(0.189)∗ | −0.56(0.384) | −0.62(0.225)∗ |
| 4 years | −0.56(0.192)∗ | −0.83(0.458) | −0.76(0.237)∗ |
| Contextual factors | |||
| HIV prevalence in community | −0.03(0.012)∗ | −0.04(0.025) | −0.01(0.014) |
| HIV prevalence in country | 0.19(0.111) | −0.28(0.133)∗ | −0.12(0.099) |
| GDP per capita - country | −0.68(0.235)∗ | −0.23(0.282) | −0.66(0.211)∗ |
| Random effects | |||
| Cluster – constant | 0.28(0.016)∗ | 0.44(0.040)∗ | 0.23(0.017)∗ |
| Cluster – constant/mum HIV+ | −0.08(0.048) | – | −0.18(0.065)∗ |
| Cluster – Mum HIV+ | 0.17(0.120) | – | 0.39(0.180)∗ |
| Country – constant | 0.11(0.038)∗ | 0.14(0.051)∗ | 0.09(0.030)∗ |
∗Statistical significance at 5% level – p < 0.05.
Covariates controlled for: sex of child, birth order, multiple/twin birth, preceding birth interval, breastfeeding, size of child at birth, urban/rural residence, mother’s education, mother’s age group, single parenthood, and household wealth index.